Chapter 1 Matter 7 hrs

Chapter 2 Atomic Structure 7 hrs

Chapter 3 Periodic Table 4 hrs
Chapter 4 Chemical Bonding 12 hrs
Chapter 5 States of Matter 7 hrs
Chapter 6 Chemical Equilibrium 5 hrs
Chapter 7 Ionic Equilibria 12 hrs
Total: 54 hrs
1. Continuous Evaluation 30%
 Attendance + Quiz 5%
 Experiments & Lab Report 10%
 Assignment 15%
2. Final Examination 70%
Paper 1 30 objective questions 30%
22 direct choice
8 multiple choice

Paper 2 Descriptive 100%

A Answer ALL 4 Q (4 x 15%) 60%

B Choose 2 out of 4 Q (2x20%) 40%

 pqrst
How to study Chemistry? formula
L
O • Always pay attention during the lecture hours
V • Always question
E
• Always revise the lesson on the same day it
C was taught
H
E • Always study one step ahead of the lecturer
M
I
• Always test your understanding
S by doing tutorial/exercise/discussion
T
R
Y
 CHAPTER 1:
MATTER

1.1 Atoms and Molecules 1 hr

1.2 Mole Concept 3 hrs
1.3 Stoichiometry 3 hrs
 1.1: Atoms & Molecules
Objectives:
 Describe proton, electron and neutron in terms
of the relative charge
 Define proton number, Z, nucleon number, A and
isotope
 Write isotope notation
 Define relative atomic mass, Ar and relative
molecular mass, Mr based on the C-12 scale.
 Calculate the average atomic mass of an
element given in the relative abundances of
isotopes or a mass spectrum
 1.1 Atoms and Molecules
• pure substances that cannot be
• contains atoms of
decomposed by physical means
different elements
to other simpler substances.
joined together.
• made up of atoms/molecules
MATTER
Elements Compounds

Atoms molecules molecules ions

copper (Cu) oxygen gas (O2) water (H2O) Salt(NaCl)

 1.1 Atoms and Molecules

What is atoms, molecules and ions?

Atom is the smallest particle of any elements

that involve in a chemical reaction.

Different elements have a different sizes of atoms.

Carbon(C) Magnesium (Mg) Oxygen (O)

 1.1 Atoms and Molecules

What is atoms, molecules and ions?

Molecule is a group of two or more atoms of

the same or different types which are
chemically bonded.
Diatomic molecules Polyatomic molecules
• Contain only two atoms • Contain more than two
• Examples : H2, N2, O2, atoms
Br2, HCl, CO, Cl2 • Examples : O3, H2O,
NH3, CH4

chlorine molecule ammonia molecule

1.1 Atoms and Molecules

What is atoms, molecules and ions?

Ion is a positively charged or negatively-charged

particles.
2 types
Cation Anion
A positively charged ion A negatively charged
formed when a neutral ion formed when a
atom loses electrons. neutral atom gains
electrons.
Na Na+ Cl Cl-
11 protons 11 protons 17 protons 17 protons
11 electrons 10 electrons 17 electrons 18 electrons
 1.1 Atoms and Molecules

Points to Remember:
Writing the charge on an ion

Correct Incorrect
Na+ Na1+, Na+1
Ca2+ Ca+2
Cl– Cl1–, Cl–1
S2- S-2
An atom lost electrons – cation
An atom gained electrons – anion
An atom CANNOT donate protons!!!
 1.1 Atoms and Molecules
An atom is the smallest unit of an element
In an atom, there are three subatomic particles:
proton , electron and nuetron .
Nucleus :
proton, p (+ve)
neutron, n (neutral)

Electron, e (-ve)
Surrounding the
nucleus
 Subatomic Particles

Particle Mass Charge Charge

(gram) (Coulomb) (units)
Proton 1.67 x 10-24 +1.6 x 10-19 +1
(p)
Electron 9.1 x 10-28 -1.6 x 10-19 -1
(e)
Neutron 1.67 x 10-24 0 0
(n)
 1.1 Atoms and Molecules

Definition

• Proton number, Z is the number of proton

in the nucleus of an atom.

• Nucleon number, A is the number of proton

and nuetron in the nucleus of an atom.

• In a neutral atom,
no. of protons = number of electron.
e.g: 23
11Na 35
17Cl
 1.1 Atoms and Molecules
Isotope notation An atom/ ion can be
represented by an
isotope notation
Symbol
Nucleon no. of elements

c
A = Z(proton no) + neutron
A
Z X Charge on
the ions
e>p
e=p atom (neutral)
anion (-ve charge)
e<p cation (+ve charge)
Proton no.
Examples :
23 35 27 16 2-
11Na Cl
17 13 Al 3+ 8O
e=p e= p
 1.1 Atoms and Molecules

Two types of ions

Cation (+ve) Anion (-ve)

a positive charge ion formed a negative charge ion formed
when a neutral atom donates when a neutral atom accepts
an electron(s). an electron(s).

23
11 Na 23
11 Na  16
O 16
O 2-
8 8

11 protons 11 protons 8 protons 8 protons

11 electrons 10 electrons 8 electrons 10 electrons

e=p e<p e=p e>p

 Example 1
Complete the following table.

No. of Charge
No of No of Isotopic
Sp. Z A on the
neutron proton electron Notation
species

K 2 2 2

L 7 7 10

M 24 28 3+
52
24 M 3
Q 13 14 13 0

F 19 9 10

T 10 8 10 T 218
18
8
 Solution
Z = numb. of proton; A = numb. of proton+no. of neutron
Charge = numb. of protons – numb. of electrons
No. of Charge
No of No of Isotopic
Sp. Z A on the
neutron proton electron Notation
species
4
K 2 4 2 2 2 0 2 K
14 3
L 7 14 7 7 10 -3 7 L
M 24 52 28 24 21 +3 52
24 M 3
27
Q 13 27 14 13 13 0 13 Q
19 
F 9 19 10 9 10 -1 9 F
T 8 18 10 8 10 -2 T 192
18
8
EXERCISE
Write the appropriate notation for each of the following
nuclide :
Species Number of : Notation
Proton Neutron Electron for
nuclide
A 2 2 2
B 1 2 0
C 1 1 1
D 7 7 10
 1.1 Atoms and Molecules

Isotopes
 Isotopes: two or more atoms of the same
element that have the same number of protons
in their nucleus but different number of
neutrons.
examples
Nuclei of the three isotopes of carbon:
12 13 14
6 6 6
6 protons 6 protons 6 protons
6 neutrons 7 neutrons 8 neutrons
Other examples of isotopes:

Proton Nucleon No. of No. of % abun-

element
No. No. proton neutron dance
1
Hydrogen, H1 1 1 1 0 99.985
2
Deuterium, H1 1 2 1 1 0.015
3
Tritium, 1 H 1 3 1 2 Man-made
isotope

Chlorine-35, 17
35
Cl 17 35 17 18 75.59
Chlorine-37,37 Cl 17 37 17 20 24.5
17

Bromine-79,79
35 Br
35 79 35 44 50.5
81
Bromine-81,35 Br 35 81 35 46 49.5

same different same different

Example

13 14 15
3 elements are 6T, 6R, and 7Z .

a) Identify the isotopes.

T and R

b) State the atoms that have the same number

of neutrons.

R and Z
Example

What are isotopes? Write the isotope notations for

the three isotopes of carbon; carbon-12, carbon-
13, carbon-14 and state the number of neutron
for each isotope.
Solution:
Isotopes are two or more atoms of the same
element that have the same number of protons
in their nucleus but differ in number of
neutrons.
12 13 14
Symbol 6
C 6
C 6
C
6 7 8
 Example

Proton number for Ne is 10. Compare and

contrast between the isotopes of an element by
referring to Ne-20, Ne-21 and Ne-22.
Solution

Similarities Differences
All the 3 isotopes:
have 10 protons Ne-20 has 10 neutrons
have 10 electrons Ne-21 has 11 neutrons
same proton number Ne-22 has 12 neutrons
 1.1 Atoms and Molecules
Now, we will learn about relative atomic mass (Ar),
relative molecular mass (Mr) and average atomic mass
Objective for today’s lesson REMARKS
a) Define relative atomic mass, Ar and Mention the device
relative molecular mass, Mr based on the used to measure Ar
C-12 scale.
b) Calculate the average atomic mass of an
element given the relative abundances of
isotopes or a mass spectrum.
 1.1 Atoms and Molecules

Example
Determine the relative atomic mass of an element Y if the
ratio of the atomic mass of Y to carbon-12 atom is 0.45.
Solution
Mass of atom Y = 0.45
Mass of atom C-12 1
Ar Y= Mass of one atom of Y____
1/12 x Mass of one atom of C-12

= 12 x 0.45

= 5.4
 Relative molecular mass, (Mr ) of a molecule is equal to
the sum of the relative atomic masses of all atoms that
comprise that molecule.

Example

Calculate the relative molecular mass of C5H5N,

[ Ar : C = 12.0 H = 1.0 N = 14.0 ]
Mr = 5(Ar of C) + 5(Ar of H) + Ar of N
= 5(12.0) + 5(1.0) + 14.0

= 79.11
1.1 Atoms and Molecules

For ionic compound, we use the term

relative formula mass.

Ar Na = 23; Ar Cl = 35.5;

Mr NaCl = 23 + 35.5 = 58.5

 The relative formula mass of a compound is the
sum of the relative atomic masses of all atoms
that comprise the molecule

Example

Calculate the relative formular mass of NH4Cl

Ar : Cl = 35.5; H = 1.0; N = 14.0
Relative formular mass
= (Ar of N) + 4(Ar of H) + Ar of Cl
= 14.0 + 4(1.0) + 35.5
= 53.55
What have you learned today?
Fundamental particles of atom are: proton
(p), neutron (n) & electron (e).
Proton number Z
Nucleon number A
Number of neutron = A – number of p
Isotope notation
Isotopes
Relative atomic mass
Relative molecular mass
What have you learned yesterday?
Fundamental particles of atom are: proton
(p), neutron (n) & electron (e).
Proton number Z
Nucleon number A
Number of neutron = A – number of p
Isotope notation
Isotopes
Relative atomic mass
Relative molecular mass
In the last lesson, we learned about
isotopes.
Isotopes are atoms of the same
element with different numbers of
neutrons in their nuclei.
 But how are isotopes
detected?

 But how to determine the

average atomic mass of an
element ?
 1.1 Atoms and Molecules
Average atomic mass
1. The average atomic mass of an element is the average of the
masses of the naturally occuring isotopes (not the nucleon
number of isotopes) and depends on the abundance, m, of
each isotope.
2. The abundance of each isotope is shown as peak in the
mass spectrum obtained from a mass spectometer.

3. Spectometer is a device used

to determine the average
atomic mass of an element.

mass spectometer
 Mass spectrum

Number of peaks = number of isotopes

Heights of peaks = abundance of isotopes
The higher the peak, the more abundance the
isotope.

The average atomic mass depends on the

abundance of each isotope.
 1.1 Atoms and Molecules
Average atomic mass, Ar
4. Number of peak indicates number of isotopes. The higher the
peak, the more abundant the isotope.

A mass spectrum of copper

 1.1 Atoms and Molecules

Mass spectrum
The vertical
axis shows the
relative 63
The height is
abundance @ proportional
ion intensity @ to the relative
percentage 9.1 abundance of
abundance of 8.1 each isotope
the ions. present.
m/e
24 25 26
The horizontal axis shows
the mass/charge ratio @
nucleon number @ isotopic
mass of the ions entering
the detector.
 1.1 Atoms and Molecules

Information from a mass

Mass spectrum spectrum of an element:
Relative abundance • The isotopes which are
63 present in the element
• The_abundance of each
isotope
9.1 • The isotopic mass of each
8.1
isotope
 We can calculate the
m/e
24 25 26 average atomic mass or
relative atomic mass of the
element
 Mass Spectrum of Magnesium

• The mass spectrum of Mg

Relative abundance

shows that Mg consists of

three isotopes:
63
• 24Mg, 25Mg and 26Mg.
• The height of each line is
8.1 9.1
proportional to the
24 25 26 m/e (amu)
abundance of each isotope
• 24Mg is the most abundant
of the three isotopes.
 Mass spectrum

Horizontal axis:
Relative mass/charge ratio @
Abundance
nucleon number @
63 isotopic mass @ relative
atomic mass
9.1 Vertical axis:
8.1
relative abundance@
m/e
percentage abundance
24 25 26 @ detector current @
ion intensity
 Calculation of the relative atomic mass
from mass spectrum
The average atomic mass depends on the
abundance of each isotope.

Average Atomic Mass 

 QM i i

Q i

Qi = the relative abundance / percentage abundance

of an isotope of the element
Mi = the isotopic mass of the element
 Calculation of the average atomic mass of Mg
from mass spectrum
Relative
Abundance Av. atomic  (Mi x Qi)
63 mass Mg =  Qi

9.1 =(24x63)+(25x8.1)+(26x9.1)
8.1
(63+8.1+9.1)
m/e
24 25 26
= 24.33 u
Calculation of the relative atomic mass of Mg
from its average atomic mass
Ar Mg = Av. Mass of one atom of Mg____
1/12 x Mass of one atom of C-12

= 24.33 u
1 x 12.00 u
12

= 24.33

Atomic mass/isotopic mass has unit u/amu

Relative atomic mass has no unit !
Average
Averageatomic
atomicmass
mass(6.941)
(24.3)
1.1 Atoms and Molecules Mass Spectrometer

Average atomic mass of lithium (6.941)

Average atomic mass of magnesium (24.31)

 1. Fig 1.1 shows the mass spectrum of the
Question 1:
element rubidium, Rb;
Relative abundance

a. What isotopes are present in Rb?

85Rb and 87Rb
18
b. What is the percentage abundance
7 of each isotope?
% abundance 85Rb
85 87 m/e = 18 x 100
(amu) 25
= 72 %

% abundance 87Rb
= 7 x 100
25
= 28 %
c. Calculate the relative atomic mass of Rb.
QiMi
Average mass of Rb 
Qi
(18x85)  (7 x87)

25
 85.56 amu
85.56 amu
A r of Rb 
1 x12.00 amu
12
 85.56
 Question 2:

The ratio of relative abundance of naturally occurring of

copper isotopes is as follow:
63
Cu
65Cu = 2.333

Based on the carbon-12 scale, the relative isotopic

mass of 63Cu=62.9396 and 65Cu=64.9278.
Calculate the Ar of copper.
 Solution:
63 63
Cu Cu 2.333
65Cu
= 2.333 =
65Cu 1

The abundance of Cu-63 = 2.333 and

The abundance of Cu-65 = 1

Av. atomic mass Cu = (62.9396 x 2.333) + (64.9278x1)

(2.333 + 1)

= 63.54 u

Relative atomic mass Cu = 63.54

Question 3

The relative isotopic mass of 6 Li and 7 Li are 6.01

3 3
and 7.02. What is the percentage abundance of
each isotope if the relative atomic mass of Li is
6.94?
Assume that,
% abundance of 6Li = X%
% abundance of 7Li = (100 - x) %

average atomic mass Li = ∑QiMi

∑Qi
6.94u = X (6.01) + (100 – X) 7.02
X + 100 – X
6.94u = 6.01 X + 702 – 7.02 X
100
694 - 702 = -1.01 X
+8 = +1.01 X
X = 7.92 %

So, % abundance of 6Li = 7.92 %

And % abundance of 7Li = 92.08 %
Question 3

Naturally occuring boron has only two isotopes.

B-10 has an isotopic mass of 10.0129 amu and
an abundance of 19.9%. What is the relative
isotopic mass of the second isotope, B-11?
Ans: 10.99
Question 4
Strontium has four isotopes with the following
masses:
83.9134 amu (0.56%), 85.9094 amu (9.86%),
86.9089 amu (7.00%), and 87.9056 amu (82.58%).
Calculate the relative atomic mass of strontium.
Ans: 87.62
Question 5
The mass spectrum of mercury is given below. What
is the relative atomic mass of mercury?
Relative
Abundance
30
23
17
13
10
7
Relative
198 199 200 201 202 204 Mass

Ans: 200.64
Chemical formulae of some common cation Chemical formulae of some common anion

Chemical
Chemical Charge of
Charge of Name of ions Formula
Name of ions Formula anion
cation of anions
of cations
Fluoride ion F-
Sodium ion Na+
Chloride ion Cl-
Potassium ion K+
Bromide ion Br-
Silver ion Ag+
+1 -1 Hydroxide ion OH-
Hydrogen ion H+ Nitrate ion NO3-
Ammonium ion NH4+ Nitrite ion NO2-
Copper(I) ion Cu+ Manganate(IV) ion MnO4-
Calcium ion Ca2+ Oxide ion O2-
Magnesium ion Mg2+ Carbonate ion CO32-
+2
Copper(II) ion Cu2+ Sulphate ion SO42-
Lead(II) ion Pb2+ -2 Thiosulphate ion S2O32-
Iron(III) ion Fe3+ Chromate(IV) ion CrO42-

+3 Aluminum ion Al3+ Dichromate(IV) ion Cr2O72-

Chromium(III) ion Cr3+ Oxalate ion C2O42-
-3 Phosphate ion PO43-