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4/02/2018 Page 1
Heat Radiation and Light are
electromagnetic waves
James Clerk Maxwell
(1831-1879)
1887
1864
Hertz for the first time produces electromagnetic
Maxwell creates a unified theory of electric and waves artificially in the laboratory using a high
magnetic phenomena. He predicts the existence of frequency transmitter and a dipole antenna he
electromagnetc waves. In this theory light and invented. Again using a dipole antenna he
heat radiation are electromagnetic waves. detected the waves.
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Después de las experiencias de Hertz, que demostraron
que las ondas electromagnéticas tenían existencia real y
las mismas propiedades que la luz visible, parecía
natural considerar que la luz no era sino un ejemplo de
radiación electromagnética.
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1 Å = 1. 10−10 𝑚
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HOW CAN YOU TELL IF SOMETHING IS HOT?
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Estudiaremos las características de la radiación emitida o
absorbida por los sólidos o líquidos incandescentes,
pues al intentar explicarlas se llegó a un notable
descubrimiento.
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Thermal radiation in visible light can be seen on this hot
metalwork. Its emission in the infrared is invisible to the human
eye and the camera the image was taken with, but an infrared
camera could show it.
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Conclusión parcial: Al aumentar la temperatura del
pedazo de hierro, la radiación de longitudes de ondas
cortas se hace más intensa, lo suficiente para que
podamos detectarla a simple vista.
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Conclusión parcial: Lo que hemos dicho del hierro
puede aplicarse igualmente a la radiación emitida por
cualquier sólido o líquido incandescente.
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How does the sun warm you on a hot day?
Earth is warmed by heat energy from the Sun.
How does this heat energy travel from the Sun to the Earth?
?
infrared
radiation
There are no particles The heat travels to Earth by
between the Sun and the infrared waves. They are
Earth so the heat cannot similar to light waves and
travel by conduction or by are able to travel through
convection. empty space.
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INFRARED WAVES
Heat can move by travelling as infrared waves.
These are electromagnetic waves, like light waves,
but with a longer wavelength.
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La radiación emitida por todos los sólidos y líquidos es
semejante, sin importar su composición química. Esto
sugiere la posibilidad de establecer una teoría única.
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Why are houses painted white in hot countries?
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How can we relate our new
understanding to the greenhouse
effect?
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También, si su superficie es rugosa, es mejor absorbente
(peor reflector) y mejor emisor, que si estuviera
pulimentada. La naturaleza de una superficie varía cuando
se la calienta.
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ABSORBING THERMAL RADIATION
Infrared waves heat objects that absorb (take in) them.
Some surfaces are better at absorbing thermal radiation than
others – good emitters are also good absorbers.
best emitter worst emitter
matt
white silver
black
best absorber worst absorber
Matt black surfaces are the best absorbers of radiation.
Shiny surfaces are the worst emitters because they reflect most
of the radiation away.
Why are solar panels that are used for heating water covered in
a black outer layer?
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EMITING THERMAL RADIATION
All objects emit (give out) some thermal radiation.
Some surfaces are better at emitting thermal radiation than
others.
best emitter worst emitter
matt
white silver
black
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Blackbody Radiation: Photons from “hot” object
• Temperature of a body is proportional to its average translational
kinetic energy.
– Emitted Energy = Thermal Radiation (red ~ 500 oC)
– Increasing Temp: Energy (or photons) absorbed via oscillating
atoms.
– Decreasing Temp: Energy emitted via oscillating electrons.
– Constant Temp: Equal rates of energy absorption and emission
• Ideal Blackbody: absorbs ALL incident radiation and re-emits it.
“Ideal” Blackbody
Only absorbed and emitted
radiation, no reflected radiation
Gustav Robert
Kirchhoff (1824-
1887)
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Blackbody Radiation
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Blackbody Radiation
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Catástrofe ultravioleta
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Spectral Blackbody: Rayleigh-Jeans Equation
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Fallo de la teoría clásica de la radiación
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Fórmula empírica de Planck
𝐶1
𝐽𝜆 = 𝐶2
5 −1
𝜆 𝑒 𝜆𝑇
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Hipótesis cuánticas de Planck
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Hipótesis cuánticas de Planck
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Hipótesis cuánticas de Planck
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Hipótesis cuánticas de Planck
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Diagrama de niveles de energía para un
oscilador
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Hipótesis cuánticas de Planck
2𝜋ℎ𝐶 2
𝐼(𝜆) = ℎ𝐶
𝜆5 𝑒 𝑘𝜆𝑇 −1
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Planck determinó el valor de h (denominada
constante de Planck) como 6.55×10–27 erg.s, un
valor muy cercano al obtenido por vía
experimentales, con el cual obtuvo un perfecto
acuerdo con las mediciones.
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