Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
ENERGY
CONVERSION (OTEC)
Alejandro, Dondee S.
To understand the basic principles and processes in a
Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) and how it is
used for power generation
To understand both the IDEAL and NON-IDEAL cases, and
its improvements
Be able to analyze and solve problems on OTEC
OBJECTIVES
It is the standard cycle used in steam power plants, and
many other power plants
Most widely used cycle for power generation
SIGNIFICANCE
Source:
El-Wakil, Mohamed Mohamed. Powerplant Technology. Singapore City: Mc Gra
A vapor-liquid cycle
Idealized thermodynamic cycle whose purpose is to
convert heat into mechanical work
Developed by William John M. Rankine (1820 – 1872)
DEFINITION
Source:
El-Wakil, Mohamed Mohamed. Powerplant Technology. Singapore City: Mc Gra
Fossil Fuel Power
Plant
Use of fuel such as coal to
generate heat
Prime mover either a steam
turbine or gas turbine
Rankine cycle is used in
conjunction with other
cycles
POWER PLANT APPLICATIONS
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/da/
Big_Bend_Power_Station.jpg
Nuclear Power Plant
Uses nuclear reactor’s heat
to produce steam
http://homework.uoregon.edu/pub/class
/otec1.jpg
SCHEMATIC:
IDEAL RANKINE CYCLE
4 3
http://www.nature.com/news/2009/090311/full/458138a/box/1.html
P-V AND T-S DIAGRAM FOR
IDEAL RANKINE CYCLE
http://www.nature.com/news/2009/090311/full/458138a/box/1.html
STATES: SATURATED RANKINE
CYCLE
1 - Saturated vapor
2 - Two-phase
3 - Saturated liquid 3
4 - Subcooled liquid
B - Saturated liquid
Initial State Two Independent Parameters Process Condition Final Parameters
State
1 P1 X1 = 1 Expansion Adiabatic 2 P2 S2 = S1
Isentropic
Reversible
2 P2 S2 = S1 Heat Isobaric 3 P3=P2 X3 = 0
Rejection
3 P3 X3 = 0 Compressi Adiabatic 4 P4=P1 S4 = S3
on Isentropic
Reversible
4 P4 S4 = S3 Heat Isobaric 1 P1 X1 = 1
PROCESSES: SATURATED Addition
RANKINE CYCLE
STATES:
SUPERHEATED RANKINE CYCLE
1’ - Superheated vapor
2’ - Two-phase
3 - Saturated liquid
4 - Subcooled liquid 3
B - Saturated liquid
Initial Two Independent Process Condition Final Parameters
State Parameters State
1 P1’ T1’ Expansion Adiabatic 2 P2’ S2’ = S1’
Isentropic
Reversible
2 P2’ S2’ = S1’ Heat Isobaric 3 P3=P2’ X3 = 0
Rejection
3 P3 X3 = 0 Compressi Adiabatic 4 P4=P1’ S4 = S3
on Isentropic
Reversible
4 P4 S4 = S3 Heat Isobaric 1 P1’ T1’
PROCESSES: SUPERHEATED Addition
RANKINE CYCLE
Heat added:
qA = h1 – h4
Turbine work:
wT = h1 – h2
Heat rejected:
| qR | = h2 – h3
Pump work:
EQUATIONS: IDEAL RANKINE
| w | = h4 – h3
p
| w | = (v3 )(P4 – P3)
p
CYCLE
http://homework.uoregon.edu/pub/class/otec1.jpg
Net work:
∆wnet = (h1 – h2) – (h4 –
h3)
= (h1 – h2) + (h3
–h4)
Thermal efficiency:
EQUATIONS:
Dwnet (h1 - h2 )IDEAL
- (h4 - h3RANKINE
)
hth = =
CYCLE
qA (h1 - h4 )
http://homework.uoregon.edu/pub/class/otec1.jpg
Consider an ideal saturated Rankine cycle, steam being
its working fluid that is operating at 500 psi and 10 psi. Find
the heat added, heat rejected, net work, and thermal
efficiency.
GIVEN 3 2
REQUIRED
1
State 2: (P2=10 psi, s1=s2)
Solve for x2
1.4639 = 0.2836 + 1.5043(x2)
x2 = 0.785 4
h2 = 161.26 + 982.1(x2) 3 2
h2 = 931.83 Btu/lbm
SOLUTION
State 3: (P3=10 psi, x3 = 0)
h3= 161.26 Btu/lbm
v3 = 0.01659 ft3/lbm
4
h4= 162.76 Btu/lbm
3 2
qR = h2-h3 1
qR = 770.57 Btu/lbm
3 2
∆𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡 271.37
η𝑡ℎ = = x 100%
𝑞𝐴 1041.9
= 26%
NON-IDEAL RANKINE
CYCLE
Two Types
Externally Irreversible
occur across the boundaries of the system
Internally Irreversible
occur within the boundaries of the system
EXTERNALLY IRREVERSIBLE
RANKINE CYCLE
EXTERNALLY IRREVERSIBLE
Superheating allows heat
addition at an average
temperature higher than
that of saturated steam
(states reaching the
superheated region)
SUPERHEAT
water as primary fluid
gases or liquid metal as
primary fluid
SUPERHEAT
Consider a Rankine cycle exhausting at 1 psi. It operates
at 600 psi and 1000°F superheated steam. Isentropic
efficiencies of the turbine and the pump is 0.9 and 0.8
respectively. Find the ideal and non ideal net works, in
Btu/lbm, and efficiencies.
SUPERHEAT
T
1
1
B/SH
T
4
2
4s
2s
4
3 2
SUPERHEAT
3
s
P C
State 1: sat. vapor State 2/2s: mixture
SUPERHEAT
State 3: sat. liquid State 4/4s: subcooled
liquid
SUPERHEAT
Non-ideal Ideal
SUPERHEAT
Allows heat addition twice, increasing the average
temperature and improvement of cycle efficiency
REHEAT
REHEAT
CT
Turbine work
Pump work
Thermal efficiency
Dwnet = (h1 - h2 )+(h3 - h4 )- (h6 - h5 )
qA = (h1 - h6 )+ (h3 - h2 )
REHEAT
Dwnet
hth =
qA
REHEAT
REHEAT
State 1: (2500 psi, 1000°F, superheated vapor)
h1 = 1457.5 Btu/lbm
s1 = 1.5269 Btu/(lbm ·°F)
State 2: (500 psia, s1=s2)
s2 > sg at 500 psia
Therefore point 2 is in the superheat region. By
interpolation
T2 = 547.8°F h2 = 1265.6 Btu/lbm
REHEAT
State 3: (500 psia, 1000°F, superheated vapor)
h3 = 1520.3 Btu/lbm
s3 = 1.7371 Btu/(lbm ·°F) = s4
State 4: (s3=s4, 1 psia)
x4 = 0.8694
h4 = 970.5279 Btu/lbm
State 5: (1 psia, sat. liquid)
s5 = 0.1326 Btu/(lbm ·°F)
h5 = 69.73 Btu/lbm
v5 = 0.01614 ft 3/lbm
REHEAT
State 6 (s5=s6, subcooled)
|wp|≈ v5 * (P6 – P5)
P6 = P 1
|wp|= 7.46 Btu/lbm
|wp|= h6 – h5
h6 = 77.19 Btu/lbm
REHEAT
|wp|= 7.46 Btu/lbm
wT = (h1 – h2) + (h3 – h4)
wT = 191.5 + 549.8 = 741.7 Btu/lbm
Δwnet = wT – |wp|
Δwnet = 741.7 – 7.46 = 734.24 Btu/lbm
qA = (h1 – h6) + (h3 – h2)
qA = 1380.3 + 254.7 = 1635.0 Btu/lbm
ŋth = Δwnet / qA = 734.24/1635.0 = 0.4491
ŋth = 44.91%
REHEAT
Regeneration reduces the irreversibility at the economizer
section of the steam generator
REGENERATION
Primarily the result of fluid friction, throttling, and mixing
INTERNALLY IRREVERSIBLE
RANKINE CYCLE
Turbine Polytropic
Efficiency
ideal expansion
(adiabatic reversible) is
1-2s
actual expansion is 1-2
INTERNALLY IRREVERSIBLE
RANKINE CYCLE
Pump Polytropic Efficiency
INTERNALLY IRREVERSIBLE
RANKINE CYCLE
Liquid leaving the pump
must be at a higher
pressure than at the
turbine inlet because of
the friction drops
P4 – exit pump pressure
P1 – turbine inlet pressure
P5 – steam-generator
INTERNALLY IRREVERSIBLE
exit pressure
RANKINE CYCLE
OPEN/DIRECT CONTACT
FEEDWATER HEATER
Pump
FWH Pump
Given
- Ideal Saturated Rankine Cycle T
- Working Fluid: Freon-12
- T1 = 200°F
- T2 = 72°F
1
Required
7
2
wNET = wT -Σ|wP|
6
= (h1-h2) + (1-m2)·(h2-h3) - (h5-h4)
5
- (h7-h6) 3
4
ηcycle = wNET/qA
s
= ((h1-h2) + (1-m2)·(h2-h3) - (h5-h4)
- (h7-h6))/ (h1-h7)
Solution
T
Feed heating:
T1 = 200°F
T3 = 72°F
1
Toptimal = (T1 – T3)/2
7
2
Toptimal = 64°F 6
Tfw = T3 + Toptimal = 5
3
136°F 4
s
Pfw = 210.79 psi
State 1: (200°F, sat vapor)
h1 = 91.278 Btu/lbm
s1 = 0.15651 Btu/lbm·°F
T
P1 = 430.09 psi
0.083281(x2) 5
3
4
x2 = 0.93684
s
h2 = 40.110 + 49.608(x2)
h2 = 86.58478 Btu/lbm
State 3: (72°F, s1=s3)
Solve for x3
0.15651 = 0.051338 +
0.112912(x3) T
x3 = 0.93145
h3 = 24.511 + 60.035(x3)
h3 = 80.43066 Btu/lbm 1
7
2
6
State 4 : (72°F, sat liquid) 5
3
h4= 24.511 Btu/lbm 4
s
v4 = 0.012126 ft3/lbm
P4 = 87.559 psi
State 5:
h5 = h4 + (v4(P5-
P4)(144)/778.16)
h5 = 24.511 + T
(0.012126(210.79-
87.56)(144)/778.16)
h5= 24.78752 Btu/lbm
1
7
2
State 6 : (136°F, sat liquid) 6
m2h2 + (1-m2)h5 = h6 6
5
We solve for m2 3
4
m2 = 0.248
s
m5 = (1-0.248) = 0.752
m5 = 0.752
Substituting:
T
wNET = (h1-h2) + (1-m2)·(h2-h3)
- (h5-h4) - (h7-h6)
= 8.49207 Btu/lbm
1
7
2
ηcycle = ((h1-h2) + (1-m2)·(h2-h3) 6
5
- (h5-h4) - (h7-h6))/ (h1-h7) 3
4
= 16.778%
s
CLOSED-TYPE FWH WITH DRAINS
CASCADED BACKWARD
Results in greater loss of availability than open types
Simplest and most commonly used in powerplants
Feedwater passes through the tubes while the bled
steam is on the shell side
Bled steam transfers its energy to the feedwater
and then, condenses
Because feedwater goes through the tubes in
successive closed feedwater heaters, it does not
mix with bled steam and therefore can be
pressurized only once by the first condensate pump
TTD = 5 F
T6 = T7 – TTD = 327.82 F - 5 F = 322.82
F
Energy Balance:
m2(h2 - h8) = h6 - h5
m2 = (293.36 - 72.71)/(1228.6 - 82.69)
m2 = 0.1926
wT = (h1 - h2) + (1 - m2)(h2 - h3)
= (1505.4 - 1228.6) + (1 - 0.19626)(1228.6 - 923.31)
= 523.29 Btu/lbm
Work Ratio:
WR = wnet/wT = 520.31/523.29 = 0.9943
CLOSED-TYPE FWH DRAINS
PUMP FORWARD
CLOSED-TYPE FEEDWATER HEATERS
WITH DRAINS PUMPED FORWARD
Closed-Type FWH drains Pump
Forward
Mass Balance:
Mass flow between 1 and 2 = 1
Mass flow between 2 and 12 = ṁ2
Mass flow between 2 and 3 = 1 - ṁ2
Mass flow between 3 and 14 = ṁ3
Mass flow between 3 and 7 = 1 - ṁ2 - ṁ3
Mass flow at 14 = ṁ3
Mass flow between 8 and 9 = 1 - ṁ2
Mass flow at 12 = ṁ2
Mass flow between 10 and 1 = 1
Energy Balance:
Turbine
Gen
Boiler
Condenser
CT
Pump
Pump
Closed-Type FWH drains Pump
Forward
Closed-Type FWH drains Pump
Forward
State 1: superheated
Closed-Type FWH drains Pump
Forward
State 2: superheated
Closed-Type FWH drains Pump
Forward
State 3: mixture
Closed-Type FWH drains Pump
Forward
State 4: sat liquid
wnet
Thermal efficiency: th
Equations
qA
For ideal: s2 s1 s3 s4 s5 s6
Supercritical
Equations
Pump work: | wp | h6 h5
wT (h1 h2 ) (h3 h4 )
B/SH 1
4
P T
2 4
C
3
3 2
Supercritical
800 psia
200 psia
1 psia
Supercritical with Reheat
B/SH 1
4
P T
2 4
C
3
3 2
Supercritical with Reheat
800 psia
200 psia
1 psia
State 1: P1= 3500 psia, T1= 1000°F h5=1555.4 s5=1.8603
h1=1422.2 s1=1.4709 State 6: P6= 1 psia, s5=s6
State 2: P2= 800 psia, s2=s1 x6=0.936 h6=1039.7
h2=1254.5 State 7: P7= 1 psia, x=0
State 3: P3= 800 psia, T3=1025°F h7= 69.73
h3=1525.3 s3=1.69015
State 4: P4=200 psia, s3=s4
h4=1336.3
WR=861.95/872.41
WR=0.9880
IMPROVEMENTS
Changing the boiler material so that it can withstand
elevated temperature
Minimizing heat loss by use of insulation
Changing working fluid so that it doesn’t degrade in high
temperatures
IMPROVEMENTS
INCREASING THE BOILER
TEMPERATURE
Lower specific heat capacity
Lower heat needed to attain desired temperature thus higher
efficiency
Example: mercury(1.72kJ/kg*K) VS water (4.19kJ/kg*K)
IMPROVEMENTS
CHANGING THE WORKING FLUID