dr.

Fransisca Chondro, MBiomed

 Muscular Strength
 Muscular Power
 Muscular endurance
 Aerobic Power
 Anaerobic Power
 Muscular strength  ability to exert force.
 Muscular power  rate of performing work, or the
product of force and velocity.
 Muscular endurance  capacity to sustain a static
contraction or to maintain repeated muscle
contractions.
 Maximal aerobic power  maximal capacity for
aerobic resynthesis of ATP.
 Maximal anaerobic power  maximal capacity of the
anaerobic system to produce ATP.
 Strength ~ size  3 and 4 kg/cm2

 man  exercise training  muscle strength

 weight lifter  quadriceps muscle >>  maximal

contractile strength  applied to patellar tendon 
ruptured
 holding strength  40 percent greater than the
contractile strength.

 power of muscle contraction >< muscle strength

 power  total amount of work that the muscle

performs in a unit period of time.
Power :
 strength of muscle contraction
 distance of contraction
 number of times that it contracts each minute.
 kilogram meters (kg-m) per minute.
 Another measure  endurance ~ nutritive support for
the muscle -glycogen stored in the muscle before the
period of exercise

  carbohydrate, fat, mixed diet ???

 ATP present in the muscles  sufficient 3 seconds 
new ATP ??

 cell ATP and cell phosphocreatine  phosphagen

energy system ~ 8 to 10 seconds  maximal short
bursts of muscle power.
 Glycolysis  anaerobic metabolism

 glucose molecule  two pyruvic acid molecules 

mitochondria  oxygen  ATP molecules.

 insufficient oxygen
 pyruvic acid then  lactic acid  diffuses into the
interstitial fluid and blood.
 form ATP molecules about 2.5 times of oxidative
mechanism of the mitochondria.

 for short to moderate periods of muscle contraction

Lactic acid:
 converted back into pyruvic acid and then metabolized
oxidatively

 reconverted into glucose mainly in the liver  glycogen

stores
Early stages of heavy exercise  aerobic energy
capability is depleted. This results from two effects:

 (1) oxygen debt

 (2) depletion of the glycogen stores of the muscles.

2 liters 
 - 0.5 liter in the lungs
 - 0.25 liter dissolved in the body fluids
 - 1 liter combined with the hemoglobin of the blood
 - 0.3 liter stored in the muscle fibers themselves,
combined with myoglobin
In heavy exercise  oxygen is used  breathing extra
amounts of oxygen over and above the normal
requirements.

 alactacid oxygen debt and amounts to about 3.5 liters.

 lactic acid oxygen debt and amounts to about 8 liters

energy from carbohydrates
 muscle glycogen
 liver glycogen
 glucose solutions  30 – 40% energy required

glycogen and blood glucose = 0  fat

size of muscles 
 heredity
 level of testosterone secretion
 training
hypertrophied muscle  increase
 numbers of myofibrils
 mitochondrial enzymes
 phosphagen metabolic system, including both ATP
and phosphocreatine
 stored glycogen
 stored triglyceride (fat)
 General principles of training :
 Principle of individuality
 Principle of specificity
 Principle of reversibility
 Principle of progressive overload
 Principle of variation
TERIMA KASIH