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Fatigue load
The loads, which vary in magnitude and/or
direction with respect to time, are known as
fatigue, fluctuating or alternating loads.
It has been observed that, when the
mechanical component is subjected to
fluctuating loads, it fails at a stress
considerably below the ultimate strength
and quite frequently even below the yield
strength. Such failure is Fatigue failure.
B
Instantaneuos
Fast Fracture!
A
Crack
nucleation
and Growth
Fluctuating stresses
When the mechanical component is
subjected to the fatigue or fluctuating
load, the stress induced is known as
fluctuating stress.
Repeated & Reversed Stress
an element subjected to a repeated and
alternating tensile and compressive stresses.
max min
m = Mean stress
2
min
R = R value:
min
R 1
max
The average or mean stress is zero.
Fluctuating Stress
When an element experiences alternating
stress, but the mean stress is NOT zero.
Valve Closed
Valve
Open
Tensile Stress w/ Tensile Mean
max min
a
2
max min
m
2
Partially Reversed w/ Tensile Mean
max min
a
2
max min
m
2
max min
a
2
max min
m
2
max min
a
2
max min
m
2
Motor
Load
S′e
S B S B
Sf
Se
10 3
106 N 103 5x108 N
Sn = .9Sut Sn = .9Sut
Point A Point A
N = 10 3 N = 103
Sn = Se Sn = Sf
Point B Point B
6
N = 10 N = 5x108
Sn = a (N)b log Sn = log a + b log N
2
(.9Sut)
a=
log .9Sut = log a + b log 10 3
Se
log Se = log a + b log 106 1 .9Sut
b= log
3 Se
Se
⅓ log ( .9S )
N
Sn = Se ( 106 )
ut
a
Sy Yield line
Gerber curve
Se
Alternating
stress Goodman line
Sy Sut m
Soderberg line
Mean stress
The Effect of Mean Stress on Fatigue
Life Modified Goodman Diagram
a
Sy Yield line
Se
Alternating
stress Goodman line
C
Safe zone
Sy Sut m
Mean stress
a
Sy Yield line
Se
Goodman line
C
Safe zone Safe zone
2 2
a′ = (1a + 2a - 1a2a)1/2
2 2
′a ′m 1
+ = Infinite life
Se Sut nf
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