A network is simply a collection of

Computer computers or other hardware devices

that are connected together, either
Network physically or logically, using special
hardware and software, to allow them to
exchange information and cooperate.

Networking is the term that

describes the processes involved in
designing, implementing, upgrading,
managing and otherwise working
Networking
with networks and network
technologies.
Connectivity and Communication
Data Sharing

Hardware Sharing
Entertainment

Advantages of Networking
Internet Access
Internet Access Sharing

Data Security and Management

Performance Enhancement and Balancing

Client computers normally
request and receive
information over the network
from server

Computer’s Role in Networking

A peer-to-peer network is
a network where the
computers act as both
workstations and servers.
Hardware and Networks Peripherals
(device)

Network Interface Card (NIC)

Repeater
Bridge
Hub
Switch
Routers
NIC provides the physical interface between computer and cabling.

It prepares data, sends data, and controls the flow of data. It

can also receive and translate data into bytes for the CPU to
understand.

Network Interface Card

(NIC)
It is the NIC job to translate the data from the computer into
signals that can flow easily along the cable

Each card will have a unique hardware

address (EUI – Extended Unique Identifier).
 They allow a cabling system to
extend beyond its maximum
allowed length by amplifying the
network voltages so they travel
farther.

Repeate
rs
The main disadvantage to
repeaters is that they just amplify
signals. These signals not only
include the network signals, but
any noise on the wire as well.
 They join similar topologies and
are used to divide network
segments.

Bridg
es
Unlike repeaters, bridges can
filter out noise
The main disadvantage to bridges is that they cant connect
dissimilar network types or perform intelligent path selection.
 They repeat any signal that comes in on one
port and copy it to the other ports (a process
that is also called broadcasting)

Hubs

Passive hubs simply connect all ports

together electrically and are usually not
powered

Active hubs use electronics to amplify and clean up the signal

before it is broadcast to the other ports.
Network switches are capable of
inspecting data packets as they are
received, determining the source and
destination device of that packet, and
forwarding it appropriately

Switch

A device connected to a switch port

has the full bandwidth all to itself.
 Routers
Routers are highly intelligent
devices that connect multiple
network types and determine the
best path for sending data

They are slower than bridges

because they are more
intelligent devices; as such,
they analyze every packet,
causing packet-forwarding
delays. Because of this
intelligence, they are also
more expensive.
 Network topology
A topolog y is a w a y o f “la y ing o ut” the ne tw o rk. To po lo g ie s c a n be
e ithe r phy s ic a l o r lo g ic a l.

Phy s ic a l topolog ie s de s c ribe ho w the c a ble s a re run.

Log ic a l topolog ie s de s c ribe ho w the ne tw o rk me s s a g e s tra v e l

Bus (c a n be S ta r (phy s ic a l Ring (c a n be Me s h (c a n

bo th lo g ic a l o nly ) bo th lo g ic a l be bo th
a nd a nd phy s ic a l) lo g ic a l a nd
phy s ic a l) phy s ic a l)
A bus is the s imple s t phy s ic a l to po lo g y

It c o ns is ts o f a s ing le c a ble tha t runs to e v e ry

w o rks ta tio n

This to po lo g y us e s the le a s t a mo unt o f c a bling , but a ls o

c o v e rs the s ho rte s t a mo unt o f dis ta nc e .

Bus (c a n be bo th lo g ic a l a nd phy s ic a l)

Ea c h c o mpute r s ha re s the s a me da ta a nd a ddre s s pa t

it is diffic ult to a dd a w o rks ta tio n

if a ny o ne o f the c a ble s bre a ks , the e ntire ne tw o rk is dis rupte d.

Ea c h c o mpute r c o nne c ts to tw o o the r c o mpute rs , jo ining the m in
a c irc le c re a ting a unidire c tio na l pa th w he re me s s a g e s mo v e
w o rks ta tio n to w o rks ta tio n.

Ring (c a n be bo th lo g ic a l a nd
phy s ic a l)

The ring ma ke s it diffic ult to a dd ne w c o mpute rs

 A phys ic a l s ta r topology bra nc he s e a c h ne twork de vic e off a c e ntra l
de vic e c a lle d a hub, ma king it ve ry e a s y to a dd a ne w works ta tion.

S ta r (phy s ic a l o nly )

Sta r topologie s a re e a s y to
ins ta ll. A c a ble is run from
e a c h works ta tion to the hub.
The hub is pla c e d in a c e ntra l
loc a tion in the offic e .
In this phy s ic a l to po lo g y, e a c h de v ic e is c o nne c te d to e v e ry o the r
de v ic e

If the re a re x c o mpute rs , the re w ill be

( x × ( x–1)) ÷ 2 c a ble s in the ne tw o rk.

Me s h (c a n be bo th lo g ic a l a nd phy s ic a l)

The a dv a nta g e y o u g a in fro m it is its

hig h fa ult to le ra nc e .

With a lo g ic a l me s h to po lo g y, ho w e v e r, the re w ill a lw a y s be a w a y

o f g e tting the da ta fro m s o urc e to de s tina tio n
Topology Advantages Disadvantages

Bus Cheap. Easy to install. Difficult to reconfigure.

Star Cheap. Easy to install.
Easy to reconfigure.
Fault tolerant.
Ring Efficient. Easy to install.
Mesh Simplest. Most fault tolerant.
Break in bus disables
entire network.
More expensive than bus.
Reconfiguration difficult.
Very expensive.
Reconfiguration extremely difficult.
Extremely expensive.
Very complex.
Network Software
• Protocol Hierarchies
• Design Issues for the Layers
• Connection-Oriented and Connectionless Services
• Service Primitives
• The Relationship of Services to Protocols
 Network Software
Protocol Hierarchies

• Layers, protocols, and interfaces.

Protocol Hierarchies (2)
• The philosopher-translator-secretary architecture.
Protocol Hierarchies (3)
• Example information flow supporting virtual communication in layer
5.
 Name Description Note
IEEE 802.1 Higher Layer LAN Protocols active
IEEE 802.2 LLC disbanded
IEEE 802.3 Ethernet active
IEEE 802.4 Token bus disbanded
IEEE 802.5 Token ring MAC layer disbanded
IEEE 802.6 MANs (DQDB) disbanded
IEEE 802.7 Broadband LAN using Coaxial Cable disbanded
IEEE 802.8 Fiber Optic TAG disbanded
IEEE 802.9 Integrated Services LAN (ISLAN or isoEthernet) disbanded
IEEE 802.10 Interoperable LAN Security disbanded
Wireless LAN (WLAN) & Mesh (Wi-
IEEE 802.11 active
Fi certification)
 Name Description Note
Reserved for Fast
IEEE 802.13 Unused[2]
Ethernet development[3]
IEEE 802.14 Cable modems disbanded
IEEE 802.15 Wireless PAN active
Broadband Wireless
IEEE 802.16
Access (WiMAX certification)
IEEE 802.17 Resilient packet ring hibernating
IEEE 802.18 Radio Regulatory TAG
IEEE 802.19 Coexistence TAG
IEEE 802.20 Mobile Broadband Wireless Access hibernating
IEEE 802.21 Media Independent Handoff
IEEE 802.22 Wireless Regional Area Network
IEEE 802.23 Emergency Services Working Group
IEEE 802.24 Smart Grid TAG New (November, 2012)
IEEE 802.25 Omni-Range Area Network Not yet ratified
• Connect KLU Campus CSE Block and FED Block each which is having
5 labs in 5 floors with a distance of 500m between each building.
• Each lab in CSE block is having 240 computers and each lab in FED will
have 60 computers
• Your report should have the following items. Anything extra is
encouraged.
a. Network Diagrams
d. Devices that will be used.