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Lipid (1)
http://buecherbeutel.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/simple-lipid-molecule-simple-lipid-molecule-figure-03-19.jpg
Lecture outline
1. The Definition of a Lipid
2. The Chemical Natures of the Lipid Types
3. Biological Membranes
Lecture outcome
Upon completion of this session, students should be able to:
Amphipathic in nature.
Lipids include:
eg. A fatty acid O
Energy storage.
Triglycerides are an efficient form of energy storage that
can be mobilized when fuel is needed.
Cellular metabolism.
The fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E, and K are required for
metabolism, usually as coenzymes.
The basic classes of lipids
i. Fatty acids, which are a group of carboxylic acids (organic
acids with a terminal carboxyl group, -COOH) that can be
used as fuel molecules and serve as components of many
other classes of lipids.
(III)
(IV)
http://www.biologyexams4u.com/2012/10/classification-of-lipids.html#.Vy4qbNR96t9
An alternative classification system has been
proposed (Fahy, et. al., 2005),
Lipids are divided into the following groups:
(1) fatty acyls,
(2) glycerolipids,
(3) glycerophospholipids,
(4) sphingolipids,
(5) sterol lipids,
(6) prenol lipids,
(7) saccharolipids, and
(8) polyketides.
Fahy, E., S. Subramaniam, H. A. Brown, C. K. Glass, A. H. Merrill, Jr., R. C. Murphy, C. R. H. Raetz, D.
W. Russell, Y. Seyama, W. Shaw, T. Shimizu, F. Spener, G. van Meer, M. S. VanNieuwenhze, S. H.
White, J. L. Witztum, and E. A. Dennis. 2005. A comprehensive classification system for lipids. J. Lipid
Res 46:839-862.
(I) Fatty Acids
Fatty acid: an unbranched-chain carboxylic acid, most commonly of
12 - 20 carbons, derived from hydrolysis of animal fats, vegetable
oils, or phosphodiacylglycerols of biological membranes
In the shorthand notation for fatty acids
the number of carbons and the number of double bonds in
the chain are shown by two numbers, separated by a colon
Fatty Acids
Length of fatty acid plays a role in its chemical character
• Usually contain even numbers of carbons (can contain odd,
depending on how they are biosynthesized)
• FA that contain C=C, are unsaturated: If contain only C-C
bonds, they are saturated
Fatty Acids
In most unsaturated fatty acids, the cis isomer predominates;
the trans isomer is rare
(III)
(IV)
http://www.biologyexams4u.com/2012/10/classification-of-lipids.html#.Vy4qbNR96t9
(II) Triacylglycerols
Triacylglycerol (triglyceride): an ester of glycerol with
three fatty acids
Salts formed by
saponification
Phosphoacylglycerols (Phospholipids)
When one alcohol group of glycerol is esterified by a
phosphoric acid rather than by a carboxylic acid,
phosphatidic acid produced
Spingomyelins
• Similar structure to phosphoacylglycerol
• Amphipathic
• Occur in cell membranes in the nervous
system
Glycolipids
Glycolipid: a compound in
which a carbohydrate is
bound to an -OH of the lipid
The hydrophobic
tails lie in the
interior of the bilayer
Further reading:
i. http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Lipid
ii. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipid
iii. http://www.laney.edu/wp/cheli-
fossum/files/2012/01/Classification-of-Lipids.pdf
iv. http://lipidlibrary.aocs.org/Primer/content.cfm?Item
Number=39371&navItemNumber=19200