HUMANITIES: ARTS APPRECIATION

NEO-CLASSICAL,
ROMANTICISM AND REALISM
V
(1750-1900)

LEE LOPEZ, J. LOPEZ, R. MAGARARU MALABUYOC SALAS SANTOS TIMARIO TUMAMAO VELARDE
NEO-CLASSICAL
(1750-1850)
NEO-CLASSICAL
• Neoclassicism is the name given to Western movements in the decorative and visual
arts, literature, theatre, music, and architecture that draw inspiration from the "classical"
art and culture of classical antiquity.

• Neoclassicism was born in Rome in

the mid-18th century.
• The main Neoclassical movement
coincided with the 18th-century Age of
Enlightenment, and continued into the
early 19th century, laterally competing
with Romanticism.
• In architecture, the style continued
throughout the 19th, 20th and up to
the 21st century.
• In opposition to the frivolous
sensuality of Rococo, They believed
that strong drawing was rational,
therefore morally better. They
believed that art should be cerebral,
not sensual. Nicolas Poussin, Et in Arcadia Ego, 1637-38, oil on canvas, 185
cm × 121 cm (72.8 in × 47.6 in) (Louvre)
NEO-CLASSICAL
• Neo-classicism was a child of the Age of
Reason (the Enlightenment), when
philosophers believed that we would be
able to control our destinies by learning
from and following the laws of nature.
• Scientific inquiry attracted more attention.
Therefore, Neoclassicism continued the
connection to the Classical tradition
because it signified moderation and
rational thinking but in a new and more
politically-charged spirit
NEO-CLASSICAL is characterized by:
• Clarity of form
• Sober colors
• Shallow space
• Strong horizontal and verticals that render that
subject matter timeless (instead of temporal as
in the dynamic Baroque works)
• Classical subject matter (or classicizing
contemporary subject matter).
NEO-CLASSICAL
NEO-CLASSICAL ARTISTS:

JACQUES-LOUIS DAVID ANTOINE-JEAN GREUZE JEAN-AUGUSTE-DOMINIQUE ANGELICA KAUFFMAN

1748-1824 (FRANCE) 1727-1775 (FRANCE) INGRES 1741-1807 (SWITZERLAND)
1780-1867 (FRANCE)

ANTON RAPHAEL MENGS ELIZABETH LOUISE VIGEE- ANTONIO CANOVA BENJAMIN WEST
1728-1779 (GERMANY) LEBRUN 1757-1822 (ITALY) 1738-1820 (USA)
1755-1842 (GERMANY)
NEO-CLASSICAL
PAINTINGS
 NEO-CLASSICAL
Aeneas Tells Dido the Misfortunes of the Trojan City

Artist: Pierre-Narcisse Guérin

Subject: Aeneas, Dido
Genres (Art): History painting
Art Form: Painting
Period / Movement: Neoclassicism
NEO-CLASSICAL

Andromache Mourning Over

the Body of Hector

Artist: Jacques-Louis David

Genres (Art): History painting
Art Form: Painting
Period / Movement: Neoclassicism
NEO-CLASSICAL

Aurora and Cephalus

Artist: Pierre-Narcisse Guérin

Subject: Aurora
Genres (Art): History painting
Art Form: Painting
Period / Movement: Neoclassicism
NEO-CLASSICAL
Der Sultan

Artist: Joseph-Marie Vien

Genres (Art): Portrait
Art Form: Painting
Period / Movement: Neoclassicism
NEO-CLASSICAL
Joan of Arc at the Coronation
of Charles

Artist: Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres

Subject: Joan of Arc
Genres (Art): History painting
Art Form: Painting
Period / Movement: Neoclassicism
NEO-CLASSICAL

Joseph-Antoine Moltedo

Artist: Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres

Art Form: Painting
Period / Movement: Neoclassicism
 NEO-CLASSICAL

L'Excommunication de Robert le Pieux

Artist: Jean-Paul Laurens

Subject: Bertha of Burgundy, Robert II of France
Genres (Art): History painting
Art Form: Painting
Period / Movement: Neoclassicism
NEO-CLASSICAL
Portrait of Monsieur Bertin

Artist: Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres

Subject: Louis-François Bertin
Genres (Art): Portrait
Art Form: Painting
Period / Movement: Neoclassicism
 NEO-CLASSICAL
Marcus Aurelius
Distributing Bread to the
People

Artist: Joseph-Marie Vien

Subject: Marcus Aurelius
Genres (Art): History painting
Art Form: Painting
Period / Movement: Neoclassicism
NEO-CLASSICAL
Patroclus

Artist: Jacques-Louis David

Subject: Patroclus
Genres (Art): History painting
Art Form: Painting
Period / Movement: Neoclassicism
NEO-CLASSICAL
SCULPTURE
NEO-CLASSICAL

A River

Artist: Jean-Jacques Caffieri

Subject: Mythology
Art Form: Sculpture
Period / Movement: Neoclassicism
NEO-CLASSICAL
Bust of Vincent Coster
"The Bust of Vincent Coster" (1608) is a
marble portrait created by Hendrick de
Keyser. Vincent Coster was a wealthy
citizen of Amsterdam.

Artist: Hendrick de Keyser

Art Form: Sculpture
Period / Movement: Dutch Golden Age,
Neoclassicism
NEO-CLASSICAL
Dying Gladiator

Artist: Pierre Julien

Subject: Gladiator
Art Form: Sculpture
Period / Movement: Neoclassicism
NEO-CLASSICAL

La Chasse au lion

Artist: Antoine-Louis Barye

Subject: Wildlife
Art Form: Sculpture, Metalworking
Period / Movement: Neoclassicism
NEO-CLASSICAL

Prometheus Bound

Artist: Nicolas-Sebastien Adam

Subject: Prometheus
Art Form: Sculpture
Period / Movement: Neoclassicism
NEO-CLASSICAL

Wounded Niobid

Artist: James Pradier

Art Form: Sculpture
Period / Movement: Neoclassicism
NEO-CLASSICAL

Psyche Revived by
Love's Kiss

Artist: Antonio Canova

Art Form: Sculpture
Period / Movement: Neoclassicism
NEO-CLASSICAL
ARCHITECTURE
NEO-CLASSICAL
UNITED STATES CAPITOL

Architect: Benjamin Latrobe, Charles Bulfinch, William Thornton

Location: Washington DC
Date: 1793 to 1830
Style: Neoclassical
NEO-CLASSICAL
UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA

Architect: Thomas Jefferson

Location: Charlottesville, Virginia
Date: 1826
Style: Neoclassical
NEO-CLASSICAL
THE WHITE HOUSE

Architect: James Hoban

Location: Washington D.C
Date: 1793 to 1801, burned 1814,
porticos 1824 to 1829
Style: Neoclassical
NEO-CLASSICAL
MASSACHUSETTS STATE HOUSE

Architect: Charles Bulfinch

Location: Boston, Massachusetts
Date: 1795-1797
Style: Neoclassical
ROMANTICISM
(1780-1850)
ROMANTICISM

• At the end of the 18th century and well into the

19th, Romanticism quickly spread throughout
Europe and the United States to challenge the
rational ideal held so tightly during
the Enlightenment.
• The artists emphasized that sense and emotions
- not simply reason and order - were equally
important means of understanding and
experiencing the world.
• Romanticism celebrated the individual
imagination and intuition in the enduring search
for individual rights and liberty.
• Romanticist practitioners found their voices
across all genres, including literature, music, art,
and architecture.
• Reacting against the sober style
of Neoclassicism preferred by most countries'
academies, the far reaching international
movement valued originality, inspiration, and
imagination, thus promoting a variety of styles
within the movement.
Lord Byron in Albanian Dress (1813)
by Thomas Phillips
ROMANTICISM
• The term Romanticism was first used in
Germany in the late 1700s when the critics
August and Friedrich Schlegal wrote
of romantische Poesie ("romantic poetry").
• Madame de Staël, an influential leader of French
intellectual life, following the publication of her
account of her German travels in 1813,
popularized the term in France.
• In 1815 the English poet William Wordsworth,
who became a major voice of the Romantic
movement and who felt that poetry should be
"the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings,"
contrasted the "romantic harp" with the "classic
lyre."
• The artists that considered themselves part of
the movement saw themselves as sharing a
state of mind or an attitude toward art, nature,
and humanity but did not rely on strict definitions
or tenets. Bucking established social order,
religion, and values, Romanticism became a
dominant art movement throughout Europe
by the 1820s.
The Titan's Goblet
ROMANTICISM
ROMANTICISM CHARACTERISTICS:
• Romantic art focused on
emotions, feelings, and moods
of all kinds including spirituality,
imagination, mystery, and
fervor.
• The subject matter varied
widely including landscapes,
religion, revolution, and
peaceful beauty.
• The brushwork for romantic art
became looser and less
precise.
• The great Romantic artist LANDSCAPE PAINTING BECOME MORE
Caspar David Friedrich POPULAR DUE TO THE PEOPLE’S ROMANTIC
summed up Romanticism ADORATION OF NATURE
saying "the artist's feeling is his SHOWS THE HEIGHT OF ACTIONS, EMOTIONAL
law". EXTREMES, CELEBRATED NATURE AS OUT OF
CONTROL, DRAMATIC COMPOSITION,
HIGHTENED SENSATION (LIFE AND DEATH
MOMENTS)
ROMANTICISM
ROMANTICISM ARTISTS:

WILLIAN BLAKE CARL BLECHEN JOHN CONSTABLE EUGENE DELACROIX CASPAR DAVID FRIEDRICH
1757-1827 1798-1840 1776-1837 1798-1837 1774-1840
(UNITED KINGDOM) (GERMANY) (UNITED KINGDOM) (FRANCE) (GERMANY)

HENRY FUSELI THOMAS GAINSBOROUGH THEODORE GERICAULT THOMAS GIRTIN FRANCISCO GOYA
1741-1825 1727-1788 1791-1824 1775-1802 1746-1828
(UNITED KINGDOM) (UNITED KINGDOM) (UNITED KINGDOM) (UNITED KINGDOM) (SPAIN)

JOHN RUSKIN GEORGE STUBBS WILLIAM TURNER

1819-1900 1724-1806 1775-1851
(UNITED KINGDOM) (UNITED KINGDOM) (UNITED KINGDOM)
ROMANTICISM
PAINTINGS
ROMANTICISM
The Nightmare (1781)
Artist: Henry Fuseli
Artwork description &
Analysis: Fuseli's strange
and macabre painting depicts
a ravished woman, draped
across a divan with a small,
hairy incubus sitting on top of
her, staring out menacingly at
the viewer. A mysterious
black mare with white eyes
and flaring nostrils appears
behind her, entering the
scene through lush, red
curtains. We seem to be
looking at the effects and the
contents of the woman's
dream at the same time.

Oil on canvas - Detroit

Institute of Art
ROMANTICISM

The Ancient of Days from Europe a

Prophecy copy B (1794)
Artist: William Blake
Artwork description & Analysis: The Ancient of
Days served as the frontispiece to Blake's
book, Europe a Prophecy (1794), which contained 18
engravings. This image depicts Urizen, a mythological
figure first created by the poet in 1793 to represent the
rule of reason and law and influenced by the image of
God described in the Book of Proverbs as one who
"set a compass upon the face of the earth." Depicted
as an old man with flowing white beard and hair in an
illuminated orb, surrounded by a circle of clouds,
Urizen crouches, as his left hand extends a golden
compass over the darkness below, creating and
containing the universe. Blake combines classical
anatomy with a bold and energetic composition to
evoke a vision of divine creation.

Relief etching with hand coloring - Glasgow

University Library, Glasgow Scotland
ROMANTICISM
Artist: Antoine Jean Gros
Artwork description & Bonaparte Visits the Plague
Analysis: This painting depicts Stricken in Jaffa (1804)
Napoleon I, not yet the Emperor,
visiting his ailing soldiers in 1799 in
Jaffa, Syria, at the end of his Egyptian
Campaign. His troops had violently
sacked the city but were
subsequently stricken in an outbreak
of plague. Gros creates a dramatic
tableau of light and shade with
Napoleon in the center, as if on a
stage. He stands in front of a Moorish
arcade and touches the sores of one
of his soldiers, while his staff officer
holds his nose from the stench. In the
foreground, sick and dying men,
many naked, suffer on the ground in
the shadows. A Syrian man on the
left, along with his servant who
carries a breadbasket, gives bread to
the ill, and two men behind them
carry a man out on a stretcher.
 ROMANTICISM
Artist: Francisco Goya
Artwork description & The Third of May 1808 (1814)
Analysis: This groundbreaking
work depicts the public execution
of several Spaniards by
Napoleonic troops. On the left, lit
up against a hill, a man in a white
shirt holds out his arms as he
kneels and faces the firing squad.
Several men cluster around him
with facial expressions and body
language expressing a tumult of
emotion. A number of the dead lie
on the ground beside them and, to
their right, a group of people, all
with their faces in their hands,
knowing they will be next. On the
right, the firing squad aims their
rifles, forming a single faceless
mass. A large square lantern
stands between the two groups,
dividing the scene between
shadowy executioners and victims.
ROMANTICISM

La Grande Odalisque (1814)

Artist: Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres

Artwork description & Analysis: This painting depicts a reclining nude, a member of a harem,
holding a feathered fan amidst sumptuous textiles. Her hair is wrapped in a turban, and a hookah
sits at her feet. She turns her head over her shoulder to peer out at the viewer.
ROMANTICISM
Wanderer Above the Sea of
Fog (ca. 1818)
Artist: Caspar David Friedrich
Artwork description & Analysis: In
this painting, an aristocratic man
steps out upon a rocky crag as he
surveys the landscape before him,
with his back turned toward the
viewer. Out of swirling clouds of fog,
tall pinnacles of rocks loom, and a
majestic peak on the left and a rock
formation on the right fill the horizon.
Many of Friedrich's landscapes
depict a solitary figure in an
overwhelming landscape that stands
in for a Byronic hero, overlooking
and dominating the view.
 ROMANTICISM
The Raft of the Medusa (1818-1819)

Artist: Theodore Gericault

Artwork description & Analysis: Géricault depicts the desperate survivors of a shipwreck after weeks at sea
on a wave-tossed raft beneath a stormy sky. At the front of the raft, a black man waves a shirt trying to flag down
a ship barely visible on the horizon, while behind him others struggle forward raising their arms in hope of
rescue. In the foreground, a disconsolate older man holds onto the nude corpse of his dead son, the body of a
man hangs off the raft trailing in the water, and to the far left lies a partial corpse, severed at the waist.
 ROMANTICISM

The Hay Wain (1821)

Artist: John Constable
Artwork description &
Analysis: This rural landscape
depicts a hay wain, a kind of
cart, drawn by three horses
crossing a river. On the left bank,
a cottage, known as Willy Lott's
Cottage for the tenant farmer
who lived there, stands behind
Flatford Mill, which was owned
by Constable's father. Constable
knew this area of the Suffolk
countryside well and said, "I
should paint my own places best,
painting is but another word for
feeling." He made
countless plein air sketches in
which he engaged in near
scientific observations of the
weather and the effects of light.
 ROMANTICISM
Liberty Leading the People (July 28, 1830) (1830)
Artist: Eugène Delacroix
Artwork description &
Analysis: This famous and
influential painting depicts the
Paris uprising in July 1830.
Delacroix, though, does not
present an actual event but an
allegory of revolution. A bare-
chested woman, representing
the idea of Liberty, wears a
Phryggian cap, carries a
bayonet in one hand and raises
the tricolor flag in the other,
encouraging the rebellious
crowd forward on their path to
victory. While her figure and
the dress draped over her body
evokes the Greek classical
ideal, Delacroix includes her
underarm hair, suggesting a
real person and not just an
ideal.
ROMANTICISM
Artist: Thomas Cole The Oxbow, View from Mount Holyoke,
Artwork description &
Analysis: The American Thomas
Northampton, Massachusetts, after a
Cole depicts a view of the winding Thunderstorm (1836)
Connecticut River from Mount
Holyoke in Massachusetts. A
heavily wooded promontory
overlooks a flat plain marked by
cultivated fields where the wide
river meandered over a long
period of time and formed an
oxbow, or bend, in its flow, and
hills rise in the background. The
diagonal created by the
promontory divides the scene into
two triangles, juxtaposing the
stormy and green wilderness on
the left with the sunlit and
cultivated plains on the right. In
the lower right, a single human
figure, the artist himself, is
depicted at work. Cole thus
presents the artist in harmony with
nature.
 ROMANTICISM
The Slave Ship (1840)
Artist: J.M.W. Turner
Artwork description &
Analysis: This painting
depicts a seascape, the
ocean a swirl of chaotic
waves beneath a stormy
sky that is lit up with red
and yellow as if on fire. On
the horizon, a ship with its
sails unfurled appears to
be headed directly into
rough dark waters.
Shackled human forms,
some partially glimpsed,
are scattered in the
foreground like debris, as
sharks and other fish circle
and close in upon the
flailing swimmers.
ROMANTICISM
SCULPTURE
ROMANTICISM

Departure of the Volunteers

The masterpiece of François

Rude is Departure of the Volunteers, a
group sculpture gracing the Arc de
Triomphe (a triumphal arch erected in
Paris to commemorate the fallen of the
French Revolutionary Wars and Napoleonic
Wars). This work portrays the goddess
liberty urging the forces of the French
Revolution onward.1 Rude's masterpiece
is the sculptural counterpart to Delacroix's
painting Liberty Leading the People (the
most renowned figure painting of the
Romantic period).
ROMANTICISM

Joan of Arc Listening to her

Voices
Marble statue of Joan of Arc listening to
her voice by Francois Rude (1784-1855)
a French sculptor. Dated 18th century.
ROMANTICISM

Gnu

Antoine-Louis Barye, the most famous animal sculptor of all time, studied the anatomy
of his subjects by sketching residents of the Paris zoo.1 Most of his works consist of single
animals or predator/prey duos. The scale of Barye's work ranges from monuments to
figurines.
ROMANTICISM
OTHER SCULPTURES OF BARYE:

African Elephant Tiger Attacking a Stag Rearing Bull

Rabbit, Ears Lowered
Running

Lion Crushing a Serpent Theseus and Tiger Hunt

the Minotaur
ROMANTICISM

Titanic Figures of the Romantic Era

Napoleon Crossing the Alps (1800) Portrait (1820) of the Romantic composer
by Jacques-Louis David (1748-1825 Beethoven (1770-1827)
by J. K. Stieler
 ROMANTICISM

Titanic Figures of the Romantic Era

Lord Byron in Albanian Dress (1813) Mary Shelley (1797-1851),

by Thomas Phillips author of Frankenstein (1818)
Byron (1788-1824), prototype for Romantic Byronic Hero portrait by Reginald Easton, 1857
died near Albania while working for
Greek Independence from Turkey
REALISM
(1848–1900)
REALISM
• Realism is commonly defined as a concern for
fact or reality and rejection of the impractical
and visionary.
• However, the term realism is used, with varying
meanings, in several of the liberal arts;
particularly painting, literature, and philosophy. It
is also used in international relations.
• In the visual arts and literature, realism is a mid-
19th century movement, which started in
France.
• The realists sought to render everyday
characters, situations, dilemmas, and events; all
in an "accurate" (or realistic) manner.
• Realism began as a reaction to romanticism, in
which subjects were treated idealistically.
Realists tended to discard theatrical drama and
classical forms of art to depict commonplace or
'realistic' themes. Young Women from the Village
• Realism artists tried to depict the real world
exactly as it appears. They painted everyday
subjects and people. They didn't try to interpret
the setting or add emotional meaning to the
scenes.

.
 REALISM

Key Ideas:
• Realism is broadly considered the beginning of
modern art. Literally, this is due to its conviction that
everyday life and the modern world were suitable
subjects for art. Philosophically, Realism embraced
the progressive aims of modernism, seeking new
truths through the reexamination and overturning of
traditional systems of values and beliefs.
• Realism concerned itself with how life was structured
socially, economically, politically, and culturally in the
mid-nineteenth century. This led to unflinching,
sometimes "ugly" portrayals of life's unpleasant
moments and the use of dark, earthy palettes that
confronted high art's ultimate ideals of beauty.
• Realism was the first explicitly anti-institutional, The Gleaners
nonconformist art movement. Realist painters took
aim at the social mores and values of the bourgeoisie
and monarchy upon who patronized the art market.
• Following the explosion of newspaper printing and
mass media in the wake of the Industrial Revolution,
Realism brought in a new conception of the artist as
self-publicist.
REALISM
REALISM ARTISTS:

GEORGE BELLOWS ROSA BONHEUR GUSTAVE COURBET HONORE DAUMIER

1882-1925 (USA) 1822-1899 (FRANCE) 1819-1877 (FRANCE) 1808-1879 (FRANCE)

EDGAR DEGAS HENRI FANTIN-LATOUR THOMAS EAKINS CARL LARSSON

1844-1916 (FRANCE) 1836-1917 (FRANCE) 1844-1916 (FRANCE) 1853-1919 (SWEDEN)
REALISM

ROLE OF THE ARTIST:

• No longer to simply reveal beautiful and sublime
• Aimed to tell the truth
• Not beholden to higher, idealized reality (i.e. God)

SUBJECTS:
• Ordinary events and objects
• Working class and broad panorama of society
• Psychological motivation of characters

• The Realism movement started in France after the 1848 revolution. Unlike some
other artistic movements, there was little sculpture or architecture as part of this
movement.
• The invention of photography in 1840 likely helped to spur on the realism
movement
 REALISM
PAINTINGS
REALISM

A Burial At Ornans

Artist: Gustave Courbet

Genres (Art): Genre art
Art Form: Painting
Period / Movement: Realism
REALISM

Arcadia

Artist: Thomas Eakins

Art Form: Painting
Period / Movement: Realism
REALISM

Eight Bells

Artist: Winslow Homer

Art Form: Painting
Period / Movement: Realism
REALISM

Fox Hunt

Artist: Winslow Homer

Genres (Art): Animal Painting
Art Form: Painting
Period / Movement: Realism
REALISM
Interior

Artist: Edgar Degas

Genres (Art): Genre art
Art Form: Painting
Period / Movement: Realism
REALISM

La rencontre (Bonjour Monsieur Courbet)

Artist: Gustave Courbet

Genres (Art): Genre art
Art Form: Painting
Period / Movement: Realism
REALISM

Laksefiskeren

Artist: Eilif Peterssen

Genres (Art): Landscape art
Art Form: Painting
Period / Movement: Realism
 REALISM
Mare & Colt

Artist: Robert Cook

Subject: Mare, Horse, Colt
Genres (Art): Genre art
Art Form: Painting
Period / Movement: Realism
REALISM
Max Schmitt in a Single Scull

Artist: Thomas Eakins

Subject: Rowing
Genres (Art): Marine art, Genre art
Art Form: Painting
Period / Movement: Realism
REALISM

Miss Amelia Van Buren

Artist: Thomas Eakins

Genres (Art): Portrait
Art Form: Painting
Period / Movement: Realism
 REALISM

Palace Performer

Artist: Jia Lu
Subject: Human figure
Genres (Art): Figure study
Art Form: Painting
Period / Movement: Realism
REALISM

Portrait of Henrik Ibsen

Artist: Eilif Peterssen

Subject: Henrik Ibsen
Genres (Art): Portrait
Art Form: Painting
Period / Movement: Realism
REALISM

Portrait of Professor
Benjamin H. Rand

Artist: Thomas Eakins

Subject: Benjamin H. Rand
Genres (Art): Portrait
Art Form: Painting
Period / Movement: Realism
REALISM

Prisoners from the Front

Artist: Winslow Homer

Genres (Art): Genre art
Art Form: Painting
Period / Movement: Realism
REALISM

Salutat

Artist: Thomas Eakins

Subject: Boxing
Genres (Art): Genre art
Art Form: Painting
Period / Movement: Realism
REALISM
Self-portrait

Artist: Thomas Eakins

Subject: Thomas Eakins
Genres (Art): Self-portrait, Portrait
Art Form: Painting
Period / Movement: Realism
REALISM

Skiffs on the Yerres

Artist: Gustave Caillebotte

Art Form: Painting
Period / Movement: Impressionism, Realism
REALISM

Snap the Whip

Artist: Winslow Homer

Genres (Art): Genre art
Art Form: Painting
Period / Movement: Realism
 SUMMARY
ART PERIOD/ CHARATERISTICS CHIEF ARTIST HISTORICAL
MOVEMENTS ABD MAJOR EVENTS
WORKS
Neoclassical Art that recaptures David, Ingres, Greuze, Enlightenment (18th
(1750–1850) Greco-Roman grace and Canova century); Industrial
grandeur Revolution
(1760–1850)
Romanticism The triumph of Caspar Friedrich, American Revolution
(1780–1850) imagination and Gericault, Delacroix, (1775–1783); French
individuality Turner, Benjamin Revolution
West (1789–1799);
Napoleon crowned
emperor of France
(1803)
Realism (1848– Celebrating working class Corot, Courbet, European democratic
1900) and peasants; en plein air Daumier, Millet revolutions of 1848
rustic painting