Lemak dan Minyak Fats and Oils

Lipids

Lemak Fats Minyak Oils

-Terdapat pada haiwan
- pepejal pada suhu bilik
- mentega dan lemak
haiwan
- Found in animals
- solid in room temperature
- butter and tallow
(types of fat)
- dari tumbuhan
- cecair pada suhu bilik
- minyak sawit, minyak
kelapa
- fats from plants
- liquid in room temperature
- palm oil, coconut oil,
sunflower oil

Fats and oils are chemically similar, but

differ in physical states.
- Lemak dan minyak adalah campuran beberapa ester
- Terbentuk daripada 3 molekul rantai panjang asid
karboksilik yg dinamakan asid lemak dan 1 molekul
alkohol yg dinamakan gliserol
- Fats and oil are mixtures of different esters.
- Fats are formed from 3 molecules of long-chain carboxylic
acids called fatty acids with 1 molecules of alcohol called
glycerol.
O
║
R1 ― C ― OH
Fatty acids

O - R1 , R2 , R3 contains 12 to 18 carbon
║ atoms per molecule
R2 ― C ― OH - R1 , R2 , R3 are three alkyl groups which
may be the same or different
O - group: carboxilic acid
║
R3 ― C ― OH
Propan-1,2,3-triol Propane-1,2,3-triol

H
│
H ― C ― OH
Gliserol Glycerol
│
H ― C ― OH - propane-1,2,3-triol
│ - group: alcohol
H ― C ― OH
│
H
 O
║
H OH ― C ― R1
│
H ― C ― OH Break up O
│ and rejoin ║
H ― C ― OH OH ― C ― R2
│
H ― C ― OH O
│ ║
H OH ― C ― R3
 H O
│ ║
H ― C ― O ― C ― R1

O
║
H ― C ― O ― C ― R2 + 3H2O

O
║
H ― C ― O ― C ― R3
│
H
Formation of a fat molecule
Contoh asid lemak Example of fatty acid

Importance of fats and oils

- Tenaga energy
- Nutrien nutrients
- Penebat haba untuk organ dalaman
thermal insulation protection to
internal organ
Lemak tepu dan lemak tak tepu
Saturated and unsaturated fats

- Lemak atau minyak dipengaruhi oleh asid lemak

- Asid lemak boleh dibezakan melalui 2 cara:

- Fat or oil molecules is affected by parent fatty acids.

- Fatty acids can be differentiated in two ways;

i. Panjang rantai karbon (12 – 18 atom karbon)

the length of the carbon chains (12 to18 carbon
atoms)
ii. Tepu atau tidak tepu
saturated or unsaturated
Asid lemak tepu Saturated fatty acid

- Semua atom karbon diikat dengan ikatan tunggal

All carbon atoms joined together by carbon-carbon
single covalent bond.

- example:
Lauric acid (12 carbon atoms)
Palmitic acid (16 carbon atoms)
Stearic acid (18 carbon atoms)
Asid lemak tak tepu Unsaturated fatty acid

- Satu atau lebih ikatan ganda dua antara karbon karbon

The carbon chain has one or more carbon-carbon
double covalent bond.

Example:
i. Oleic acid: monounsaturated fatty acid
(one carbon-carbon double bond)- no of C = 18, DB =
9&10]

ii. Linoleic acid: polyunsaturated fatty acid

(two carbon-carbon double bond)
[no. of C = 18, DB = 9&10, 12&13]
Oleic acid
Lemak Tepu Saturated Fats

Lemak yang terdiri daripada ester gliserol dan asid lemak

tepu
Fats contain of esters of glycerol and saturated fatty
acids.
- Example:
i. Tristearin ( glycerol + stearic acid)
ii. Tripalmitin(glycerol + palmitic acid)
 H O
│ ║
H ― C ― O ― C ― (CH2)16 — CH3
│
│ O
│ ║ Tristearin
H ― C ― O ― C ― (CH2)16 — CH3
│
│ O
│ ║
H ― C ― O ― C ― (CH2)16 — CH3
│
H
- Lemak haiwan mengandungi nisbah lemak tepu yang tinggi
Animal fats have large proportions of saturated fats.
- Takat lebur yang tinggi, pepejal pada suhu bilik
high melting point and solids at room temperature.
Unsaturated Fats
- Fats contain esters of glycerol and unsaturated
fatty acids.
H O Triolein : (glycerol + oleic acid)
│ ║
H ― C ― O ― C ― (CH2)7 — CH ═ CH — (CH2)7 — CH3
│
│ O
│ ║
H ― C ― O ― C ― (CH2)7 — CH ═ CH — (CH2)7 — CH3
│
│ O
│ ║
H ― C ― O ― C ― (CH2)7 — CH ═ CH — (CH2)7 — CH3
│
H
- Minyak tumbuhan atau sayuran mengandungi
nisbah lemak tak tepu yang tinggi
- Plant or vegetable oils contain a large proportions
of unsaturated fats.

- Takat lebur lebih rendah, cecair pada suhu bilik

- Lower melting points, liquids at room temperature.
Perubahan lemak tak tepu kepada lemak tepu boleh
dilakukan melalui proses penghidrogenan bermangkin
Converted unsaturated fats to saturated fats
Unsaturated fats can be converted into saturated fats by
process called catalytic hydrogenation.

Proses penghidrogenan dilakukan dengan mengalirkan

gas hidrogen melalui cecair minyak yg panas dengan
nikel sebagai mangkin
The hydrogenation process is carried out by bubbling hydrogen
gas through hot, liquid oil in the presence of fine particles of
nickel catalyst.
Effect of fats on health

- Saturated fats (animal oil) will raise the level of

cholesterol.
- Cholesterol causes fatty deposites or the wall of veins or
arteries.
- Blood circulation is restricted and will raise the blood
presure
- Arteriosclerosis, can result in heart attack.
- Unsaturated fats (plant oil) do not contain cholesterol.
- Do not cause cardiovascular problems.

Uses of palm oil

Has many advantages.
A cheaper, better and healthier oil.
 Getah Asli
Natural Rubber

Getas asli adalah sejenis polimer

Natural rubber is a natural polymer.

Sejenis koloid – zarah getah tersebar di dalam air

Latex is a colloid – consists of rubber particles dispersed
in water.

Getah asli adalah poli(isoprena)

Natural rubber is poly(isoprene).
 2-metilbut-1,3-diena

H CH3 H H
│ │ │ │
C═C―C═C
│ │
H H

1 molekul getah asli (isoprena)

Molekul isoprena mengalami tindak balas
pempolimeran menghasilkan molekul rantai
panjang dinamakan poli(isoprena)

The isoprene molecules undergo addition

polymerization to produce a long-chain molecule
called poly(isoprene)
 H CH3 H H H CH3 H H
│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │
C═C―C═C C═C―C═C
│ │ │ │
H H H H
1 molekul isoprena A 1 molekul isoprena B

- 2 ikatan ganda dua pada 2 atom karbon akan

terputus membentuk ikatan tunggal dengan molekul
isoprena bersebelahan

- Ikatan tunggal antara 2 atom karbon di tengah-tengah

akan membentuk ikatan ganda dua
 Polymerization of Isoprene

Isoprene Isoprene Isoprene

H CH3 H H + H CH3 H H + H CH3 H H
│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │
C═C―C═C C═C―C═C C═C―C═C
│ │ │ │ │ │
H H H H H H

polymerization

H CH3 H H H CH3 H H H CH3 H H

│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │
―C−C═C−C― ―C−C═C−C― ―C−C═C−C―
│ │ │ │ │ │
H H H H H H

Repeated unit in polymer

Setiap zarah getah dibina daripada rantai panjang
molekul getah yang banyak dan diliputi membran protein
yang bercas negatif

Each rubber particles is made up of many long-chain rubber

molecules, enclosed by a protein-like membrane which is
negatively charged.
Latex ─ ─

─
Long chain ─ Negatively-charge
rubber ─ protein membrane
molecules ─
─

─
─
Rubber ─
─
─
─ particle
─
─ ─
─
─ ─
─
─
─
─
─
─
─
─
─
Proses Pembekuan Susu Getah
Coagulation Process of Latex
Susu getah asalnya dalam bentuk cairan (koloid)
Latex consists of rubber particles dispersed in water.
 Zarah Rubber
getahparticle
/ rubber particles
─ ─

─
─ ─
─
─ ─
─

─
─ ─
─
─ ─
─

─
─

─
─

Zarah-zarah getah terdiri daripada membran protein yang

bercas negatif
Rubber particle has negatively-charged protein
membrane
 Zarah getah mempunyai protein membran yang bercas
negatif
 Daya tolakan antara cas negatif menghalang daripada
zarah-zarah getah berada berdekatan antara satu sama
lain
 Getah tidak membeku

 Rubber particle has negatively-charged protein

membrane.
 The repulsion between the negatively-charged
 particles prevents the rubber particles from coming
close to each other.
 Latex could not coagulate.
Oleh yang demikian, apakah yang
menyebabkan susu getah membeku?
So what causes the latex to
coagulate?
Dengan menambahkan asid (membekalkan ion
hidrogen, H+)

By adding the acid (provide hydrogen ions, H+)

Apabila asid ditambah, ion hidrogen, H+ akan

meneutralkan cas negatif pada membran protein
tersebut.

When an acid is added, the hydrogen ions, H+

neutralize the negative charges on the protein
membrane.
Molekul getah setelah dicampur dengan asid
Latex molecules after adding acids

+
+
─ ─

+ ─

─ + +
─ ─
+ + ─
─ ─ +
─
+
+ + + ─
─ ─
+ +
─ +
─ ─
─
+ +
+ ─
─
+
─
─
+
+
Asid apakah yang biasanya digunakan?
What acid that usually used to coagulated the latex in
rubber industry?

Asid etanoik (asid asetik)

Ethanoic acid (acetic acid). All acid solutions can make
latex coagulate

What do you think will happen next?

Zarah getah akan berada lebih rapat
The rubber particles now come close together.

Membolehkan mereka berlanggar antara satu sama lain.

Membran protein pecah.
This enable them to collide with one another resulting in the
breakage of the protein membrane.

Molekul/polimer getah bergabung dan menjerut

The rubber molecules/polymer combine with one another and
entangle.

Getah akan membeku

Thus, causing the latex to coagulate.
Pembekuan susu getah juga terjadi jika terdedah.
Mengapa?
Bakteria yang masuk ke dalam susu getah.
Tumbesaran dan penyebaran bakteria akan
menghasilkan asid laktik.
Proses yang sama berlaku

The coagulation of latex will also occur if latex is exposed to air.

Why? Because the bacteria from air can enter latex. The growth and
spread of bacteria produce lactic acid that causes the process above.
Bagaimanakah pula caranya untuk
mengelakkan susu getah dari
membeku? Atau membiarkan susu
getah kekal dalam bentuk cairan?

Apakah bahan yang boleh digunakan?

 Apakah bahan yang boleh digunakan?
 Ammonia, NH3. Kerana ammonia sejenis alkali akan
membekalkan ion hidroksida, OH- yang bercas negatif.
 Ini akan meneutralkan ion H+ yang dihasilkan oleh
bakteria.
 Zarah getah kekal bercas negatif.

Semua jenis alkali boleh digunakan

 What substance can be used to preserve latex in liquid

state? Ammonia, NH3.
 NH3 solutions contains hydroxide ions, OH- that
neutralised the acid/hydrogen ions, H+ produced by the
bacteria. The rubber particles remain negatively
charged and the coagulation is prevented.
 [notes: all alkaly solutions also can be used]
Ciri-ciri getah asli / Properties of natural rubber

- Lembut / Soft
- Kekenyalan semakin berkurang / Elasticity
decreases over time.
- Mudah teroksida oleh udara / Easily oxidized by
air.
- Sensitif pada haba. Tidak tahan haba /
Sensitive to heat.
- Bila panas ia melekit. Bila sejuk ia keras dan
rapuh. / When heated, it becomes sticky.
When cooled, it becomes hard and brittle.
More reading please…
 Vulcanization of rubber
Properties of rubber can be improved through vulcanization.

Vulcanization is a process whereby rubber is reacted

with sulphur to improved its properties.
How the vulcanization process is carry out in
industry?
1st method: Latex is heated with sulphur, or
2nd method: Rubber products are exposed to disulphur
dichloride, S2Cl2.
Compare and contrast the properties of vulcanised and
unvulcanised rubber.
Similarities
Vulcanised and unvulcanised rubber is elastic, and
heat and electrical insulator

Improved properties of vulcanised rubber is due

to the presence of cross-linkage of sulphur
atoms between the rubber molecules
 Differences
Vulcanised Unvulcanised
Properties
rubber rubber
Elasticity More elastic Less elastic

Hardness Harder Softer

Tensile strength Stronger Weaker

Resistance to Can withstand Cannot withstand

heat higher temperature
temperature

Resistance to Less easily Easily oxidized

oxidation oxidized
 C
C═C C
C═C S
S
S
S
C C
C C
C═C C═C C═C
vulcanisation S S
S S
C═C C
C═C C═C C C C
S
S
S
S
C═C
C═C C
C

Natural rubber Vulcanised rubber

C
C Rubber
S
S
S
molecules
S
C C
C C
S S Cross-linkage of
S S
C C
sulphur atoms
C C
S
S
S
S
C
C
How the cross-linkage of sulphur atom improve elasticity
and strength of the vulcanized rubber?
When vulcanised rubber is streched and released, the cross
linkage pull the chains back to their original arrangement.
Why vulcanized rubber more resistant to heat and organic
solvent?
The presence of sulphur cross-linkage increases the size
of rubber molecules.
Why vulcanized rubber more resistant to oxidation?
Vulcanized rubber has much lesser carbon-carbon double
bond.
Uses of natural rubber

More reading please…