Two intrinsic defense systems: The innate (nonspecific) system – P.765 The adaptive (specific) defense system – P.770 Table 21.2 First line of defense – skin and mucous membrane P.766 Phagocytes – neutrophils and monocytes. Monocytes in the tissues are called macrophages
Natural Killer (NK) cells – another
type of lymphocytes. NK cells are not phagocytic, cause lyse to the plasma membrane P.767 Inflammatory response – whenever body tissues are injured The four cardinal signs – redness, heat swelling, and pain Small blood vessels in the injured area dilate. More blood flows into the area, local hyperemia (congestion with blood) accounting for redness and heat P.766 The liberated chemicals also increase the permeability of local capillaries, exudate seeps from the blood into the tissue spaces, causes the local swelling or edema that presses on adjacent nerve endings, contributing to a sensation of pain. Pain also results from the release of bacterial toxins P.769 Phagocyte Mobilization - Soon after inflammation begins, the damaged area is invaded by more phagocytes – neutrophils lead, followed by macrophages Leukocytosis – increase in WBC Margination or pavementing - Diapedesis or emigration – Chemotaxis - P.771 Antimcrobial proteins – by attacking microorganisms directly or by hindering their ability to reproduce. The most important of these are: interferon and complement proteins Interferons – Host cell 1, infected by virus; makes interferon; is killed by virus Host cell 2, interferon diffuse to nearby cells, stimulate the synthesis of protein, which then “interferes” with microbial or viral replication in still-healthy cells Complement – P.773 Fever - Adaptive Defenses P.773 Adaptive immune system – body’s built-in specific defensive system that eliminates with equal precision The adaptive system must “meet” or be primed by an initial exposure to a specific foreign substance (antigen) before it can protect the body against that substance 1. It specific – 2. It is systemic – 3. It has “memory” – Humoral immunity or antibody- mediated immunity – by antibodies Cell-mediated immunity – directly attack P.774 Antigens – are substances that can mobilize the immune system and provoke an immune response Complete antigens – two properties 1. Immunogenicity, is the ability to stimulate proliferation of specific lymphocytes and antibodies 2. Reactivity, ability to react with the activated lymphocytes and the antibodies released Incomplete antigens or haptens - unless attached to protein carriers, haptens have reactivity but not immunogenicity Cells of the Adaptive immune System P.775 The three crucial cell types: Antigen-presenting cells (APCs) – B lymphocytes or B cells – oversee humoral or antibody mediated immunity T lymphocytes or T cells – cell mediated or non-antibody producing P.777 Antigen-Presenting Cells – engulf antigens and present fragments of these antigens, like signal flags, on their own surfaces where they can be recognized by T cells Humoral Immune Response – first encounter between immunocompetent but naive lymphocyte P.778 Figure 21.11 Immunological Memory P.778 The primary Immune Response – which occurs on first exposure to a particular antigen, leads to cellular proliferation and differentiation The secondary Immune Response – this response is faster, more prolonged and more effective Active and Passive Humoral Immunity P.779 Figure 21.12 P.780 Antibodies – also called immuno gamma globulin (IgG), are proteins secreted by activated B cells or plasma cells in response to an antigen, and they are capable of binding specifically with that antigen Antibody Targets and Functions P.781 The common event of all antibody-antigen interactions is formation of antigen-antibody (or immune) complexes P.782 Figure 21.15 Agglutination – Precipitation – Neutralization – Complement fixation - Cell- Mediated Immune Response P.784 There are two major population of effector T cells: CD4 cells or T4 cells or helper T cells –
CD8 cells or T8 or cytotoxic T cells
P.787 Figure 21.17
P.788 Figure 21.18 p.791 Figure 21.20 P.793 Immunodeficiency – that causes immune cells, phagocytes or complement to behave abnormally Congenital is SCID – results from various genetic defects that produce marked deficit of B and T cells Acquired – lead to immunodeficiency by depressing lymph node cells eg. Hodgkin’s disease, AIDS Autoimmune Diseases P.794 The immune system loses its ability to distinguish friend (self) from foe (foreign antigens) The body produces autoantibodies and sensiitized Tc cells that destroy its own tissues eg. Graves disease, Type I diabetes mellitus P.795 Figure 21.21