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The Immune System

 P.764 Susceptible and resistance –


 Two intrinsic defense systems:
 The innate (nonspecific) system –
 P.765 The adaptive (specific)
defense system –
 P.770 Table 21.2
 First line of defense – skin and
mucous membrane
 P.766 Phagocytes – neutrophils and
monocytes. Monocytes in the tissues
are called macrophages

 Natural Killer (NK) cells – another


type of lymphocytes. NK cells are not
phagocytic, cause lyse to the plasma
membrane
 P.767 Inflammatory response –
whenever body tissues are injured
 The four cardinal signs – redness, heat
swelling, and pain
 Small blood vessels in the injured area
dilate. More blood flows into the area,
local hyperemia (congestion with
blood) accounting for redness and heat
 P.766 The liberated chemicals also
increase the permeability of local
capillaries, exudate seeps from the
blood into the tissue spaces, causes the
local swelling or edema that presses on
adjacent nerve endings, contributing to
a sensation of pain. Pain also results
from the release of bacterial toxins
 P.769 Phagocyte Mobilization - Soon
after inflammation begins, the damaged area
is invaded by more phagocytes – neutrophils
lead, followed by macrophages
 Leukocytosis – increase in WBC
 Margination or pavementing -
 Diapedesis or emigration –
 Chemotaxis -
 P.771 Antimcrobial proteins – by
attacking microorganisms directly or by
hindering their ability to reproduce.
The most important of these are:
interferon and complement proteins
 Interferons – Host cell 1, infected by
virus; makes interferon; is killed by
virus
 Host cell 2, interferon diffuse to nearby
cells, stimulate the synthesis of protein,
which then “interferes” with microbial
or viral replication in still-healthy cells
 Complement –
 P.773 Fever -
Adaptive Defenses
 P.773 Adaptive immune system –
body’s built-in specific defensive system
that eliminates with equal precision
 The adaptive system must “meet” or be
primed by an initial exposure to a
specific foreign substance (antigen)
before it can protect the body against
that substance
 1. It specific –
 2. It is systemic –
 3. It has “memory” –
 Humoral immunity or antibody-
mediated immunity – by antibodies
 Cell-mediated immunity – directly attack
 P.774 Antigens – are substances that
can mobilize the immune system and
provoke an immune response
 Complete antigens – two properties
1. Immunogenicity, is the ability to
stimulate proliferation of specific
lymphocytes and antibodies
 2. Reactivity, ability to react with the
activated lymphocytes and the
antibodies released
 Incomplete antigens or haptens -
unless attached to protein carriers,
haptens have reactivity but not
immunogenicity
Cells of the Adaptive immune
System
 P.775 The three crucial cell types:
 Antigen-presenting cells (APCs) –
 B lymphocytes or B cells – oversee
humoral or antibody mediated immunity
 T lymphocytes or T cells – cell
mediated or non-antibody producing
 P.777 Antigen-Presenting Cells –
engulf antigens and present fragments
of these antigens, like signal flags, on
their own surfaces where they can be
recognized by T cells
 Humoral Immune Response – first
encounter between immunocompetent
but naive lymphocyte
 P.778 Figure 21.11
Immunological Memory
P.778 The primary Immune
Response – which occurs on first
exposure to a particular antigen, leads
to cellular proliferation and
differentiation
 The secondary Immune Response –
this response is faster, more prolonged
and more effective
Active and Passive Humoral
Immunity
 P.779 Figure 21.12
 P.780 Antibodies – also called
immuno gamma globulin (IgG), are
proteins secreted by activated B cells or
plasma cells in response to an antigen,
and they are capable of binding
specifically with that antigen
Antibody Targets and
Functions
 P.781 The common event of all
antibody-antigen interactions is
formation of antigen-antibody (or
immune) complexes
 P.782 Figure 21.15
 Agglutination –
 Precipitation –
 Neutralization –
 Complement fixation -
Cell- Mediated Immune
Response
 P.784 There are two major population
of effector T cells:
 CD4 cells or T4 cells or helper T cells –

 CD8 cells or T8 or cytotoxic T cells

P.787 Figure 21.17


P.788 Figure 21.18
p.791 Figure 21.20
 P.793 Immunodeficiency – that
causes immune cells, phagocytes or
complement to behave abnormally
 Congenital is SCID – results from
various genetic defects that produce
marked deficit of B and T cells
 Acquired – lead to immunodeficiency by
depressing lymph node cells eg.
Hodgkin’s disease, AIDS
Autoimmune Diseases
 P.794 The immune system loses its
ability to distinguish friend (self) from
foe (foreign antigens)
 The body produces autoantibodies and
sensiitized Tc cells that destroy its own
tissues eg. Graves disease, Type I
diabetes mellitus
 P.795 Figure 21.21

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