COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS

• Assoc. Prof Mohd Fadzil Ain

• Room: 1.21
• Ext: 5815
• Email: mfadzil@eng.usm.my

Course Contents Based On OBE

 EEE332 COMMUNICATION

Assignment:
1. Ahmad required the AM transmitter that can transmit the voice up to 200
meter. Design the transmitter for Ahmad.
2. Ah Meng required to transmit the music surrounding his house. He
decided to use FM transmitter. He is living in the bungalow house with
the perimeter of 8000 square foot. Design an appropriate transmitter for
him.
3. Rajoo need the system that can transmit 1 kbps data wirelessly. Design
the system for Rajoo.

Arrange your own group, 3 students per group, choose only one title.
Submit your 5 to 6 pages report at the end of week 10.
You can use communication trainer in Communication Lab (Please
consult En Latip for the equipments)
Please explain the picture
1.2 Communication Systems
The goal of communication systems is to transfer
information from one place to another by sending the
information as electromagnetic energy through vacuum,
air, wire or fiber optic as shown in Figure 1.
Noise

Information
Transmitter Channel Receiver Destination
signal

Figure 1: Typical block diagram of a communication system

The typical communication system consists of :

• Transmitter
• Channel
• Receiver
 Thus the communication system can be
summarized as the transmission,
reception and processing information
between two or more locations using
electronic circuits.
 Verbal communication using sound
waves was limited by how loud the
person could yell.
 Long distance communications probably
began with smoke signal or tom-tom
drums.
 Electrical communication began in 1837
when Samuel Finley Breese Morse
invented the first workable telegraph.
 1.2.1 Information Signal
Information signal can be analogue or digital signal. Analogue signal
is a function of a discrete time where the amplitude of the signal
continuously change with time when the acoustic or optical signal
were change to electrical signal. A typical example is the
microphone that change a voice signal to a voltage.
Amplitude

Time

Figure 2: Analogue Signal

1.2.1 Transmitter
Information signal is not suitable to be transmitted directly unless the source
is in electrical form. In telephony communication, the signal in electrical
form can be transmitted directly to the receiver without any processing.
For a long distance communication, the signal must be coded first in a
suitable form for transmission and reception. This is called modulation and
there are three modulation techniques in analogue communication:

• Amplitude modulation
• Frequency modulation
• Pulse modulation
AM

FM

PAM
1.2.2 Channel
Channel is a medium for electromagnetic wave transmission such as
transmission line, fiber optic or free space. When the electromagnetic
wave travel in a medium, the signal will be distorted because the
medium normally are non linear and the frequency response is not
perfect.

Channel (Air)
1.2.3 Receiver
The main task of the receiver is to translate back the original information
signal after having distorted during propagation through the medium. This
process is called demodulation. In practical applications, the receiver will not
be able to reproduce an actual transmitted signal. The quality of the signal
will depend to the modulation technique that been used in the system.

A(t) A(t)

t t
Isyarat asal Isyarat diterima
1.2.3 Electromagnetic wave spectrum
Electromagnetic wave scattered in a wide frequency range nearly infinity

Electromagnetic Spectrum
1.2.4 Frequency of the wave
Frequency is the number of cycle per unit time of the wave
and measured in Hertz. Denoted as:

k = kilo = 1000 = 103

M = mega = 1000 000 = 106

G = giga = 1000 000 000 = 109

T = tera = 1000 000 000 000 = 1012
1.2.5 Wavelength
The wave length of the wave is
the distance to complete one
cycle and measured in Meter.
The wavelength is in lambda ()
calculated as follows;

V
 Example 1.2.5:
f
Calculate the wavelength of 150 MHz
V = Speed of light 3x108 m/s Solution:
f = frequency
V

f
3  108 m / s
  2m
150MHz
1.2.6 Radio Frequency Transmission
Radio frequency spectrum divided into a few frequency bands given the name
under International Radio Consultative Committee (CCIR).
1.2.7 Bandwidth (BW)
Bandwidth is the frequency range covered by a system, in other words the BW is
the difference between the lower operating frequency and the upper frequency
range of the system.
Example 1.2.7:
Audio frequency range is 300 Hz to 3000 Hz. So, the bandwidth is:
BW = 3000 Hz – 300 Hz = 2700 Hz.

BW

F1 = 300 Hz F2 = 3000 Hz
Spektra Frekuensi
WLAN Frequency Band