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2 Total body water is 60% of body weight; 40% of body weight ʹ intracellular
fluid; 20% extracellular fluid

2 Research shows that people who do not drink enough water can easily develop
bladder and kidney disorders due to the heavy concentration of urine that is
passed. Drinking the recommended 6 to 8 glasses of water a day (2 liters) will
help the bladder remain healthy.

2 Do you have time for a survey? Contact me ...

^ www.2healthfitness.com
and http://en.wikipedia.org,
and www.freedrinkingwater.com (July 2010)
è ater supply poses a problem on Malta, as the summer is both rainless and
the time of greatest water use, and the winter rainfall often falls as heavy
showers running off to the sea rather than soaking into the ground.

More than half the potable water of Malta is produced by removing excess salt
and other minerals for the water (desalination), which creates further issues of
fuel use and pollution.͟
^ : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malta, last accessed July 2010

Limestone and water hardness have several practical implications, with the
potential to cause scaling and influence taste, colour, odour or feel of water
^ Miguel de Franca Doria, D


 


   
, Publ. UNESCO 2010.
Malta sources 60% of its potable water from the sea by reverse osmosis desalination
with the rest coming from ground water. As part of the process chlorine is added to
the water, however research shows that chlorine can cause environmental harm (at
low levels).

This is noticeable to us when we have sore throat, cough, eye irritation or

skin irritation.

Moreover, the quality of the drainage and sewage pipes that are maintained by the
water supplier in Malta cannot guaranteed that the water that reaches our taps
meet EU standards. e would only be on the safe side if we purified the water at the
tap.
^ 
Ñ
Prof. Charles V. Sammut, University of Malta, quoted on Maltamedia.com ʹ ÿ
 
  , 31.01.2007.
J Department of Health, New York State Department website, last accessed July 2010
Cardiovascular diseases (e.g. heart disease, hypertension, stroke) are associated
with various water characteristics related to hardness.

A few reports also indicate a similar inverse correlation between the hardness
of water and the risk from several non-cardiovascular causes of death.
^ John De Zuane, Handbook of Drinking ater Quality (2nd Edition), Published 1996.
^
0-471-28789-X

ater needs to be filtered from bacteria, excess of minerals that are required
by the human body. ater falling down as rain and collected in water tables
is contaminated with bacteria.
Further information available within >
   

    
  , 2006.
Available online , last accessed July 2010.
I^
92 4 154696 4

Research regarding the effects on skin when using hard water is still in the works,
however, recently a link between hard water and childhood eczema was found.
Even for women, who suffer from dry skin, may find that hard water makes their
skin drier.
^ ù     http://www.womenshealthcaretopics.com/bn_bathshower_Hard_ ater_vs_Soft_ ater.htm
èSince 1971, more than 600 waterborne disease outbreaks have been recorded
in the United States. In most cases, these outbreaks result in nausea, diarrhoea,
and cramps; however in some cases, they result in very serious illness and even death.͟
^  US EPA, 2003a, cited in Nur Muhammad et al., Î
   

  


   Available [online] Nov 2009.

People would look for specific information to explain their health condition or to
confirm their expectations.
^ >riffin R.J. & Dunwoody S. (2000). ‰


 



 
   
 Cited by Miguel de Franca Doria (2010).

Research reports a weak relationship between having heard worrying water-related

news and perceived risk from tap water.
^ Doria et al. (2005). ‰
    
  

 
 
! 

 "

 Cited by Miguel de Franca Doria (2010).
The presence of lead in drinking water poses a range of risks to human health,
Including the retardation of some aspects of child development, the inducement
of abortion, and other clinical disorders.

The health effects of lead in drinking water are well proven, although the extent of these
effects has not been quantified at the EU scale. An initial estimate is that ÑJ


 in the EU are at potential risk from lead in drinking water.

Although the total removal of all lead pipes must be the goal, there are practical
difficulties as well as financial constraints.
^  C.R. Hayes and N.D. Skubala , ù

 

   Î #
Available online July 2009.

Research shows that there is a relationship between the intensity of water taste and the
level of mineral content.

In fact, research shows us that water with high mineral content were generally preferred
over those with low mineral content.
^  ruvoid, .H. (1968), 

     $
 %
‰

 Cited by Miguel De Franca Doria.
Falahee M. & Mac Rae A. (1995), &  
    



  
D'
 ‰ 
. Cited by Miguel De Franca Doria.

 
   

     
 
    

  
  
 




  
  








  





 
 
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