OBJECTIVES

 INTRODUCTION TO ENGINEERING BASICS

 STRESS & STRAIN
 MODULUS OF ELASTICITY
 STRESS THEORY
A)PRINCIPLE STRESS THEORY
B) SHEAR STRESS THEORY
 ULTIMATE STRENGTH
 MOMENT OF INERTIA
 POISSON’S RATIO
 SECTION MODULUS
 WEIGHT,VOLUME & AREA OF DIFFERENT SECTIONS & FORMULEA
 INTRODUCTION TO ENGINEERING BASICS

 Engineering Basics :- It is the engineering fundamentals which is

required for different engineering domains.

 Engineering Basics can be classified as –

 Thermal Engineering Basics
 Mechanical Engineering / Strength Engineering Basics
 Fluid Engineering Basics
 INTRODUCTION TO STRESS
What is Stress?

Stress = Force / Area = F/A

Unit of Measurement = N/mm2 or Pascal or bar

Application = to measure “pain” or failure

It is Denoted by = σ (Sigma)
 INTRODUCTION TO STRESS
Types of Stresses :-

 Basic Types of Stresses:-

 Tensile Stress
 Compressive Stress
 Radial Stress

 Other types :-
 Membrane Stress
 Bending Stress
 Shear Stress
 Thermal Stress etc.
 INTRODUCTION TO STRAIN
What is Strain?

Strain = Change in Length / Original Length= δl/l

Unit of Measurement = Dimensionless

Application = Relative deformation

It is Denoted By = ε (Epsilon)

Types of Strain:-
 Basic Types of Strain:-
 lateral strain
 Longitudinal Strain
 OTHER CONCEPTS

 STIFFNESS:- It is the ability to resist deformation of the structure

under force
 RIGIDITY :-It is the ability to resist configuration change of the
mechanism under force
 INERTIA: ability to resist rate of velocity
 SHEAR MODULUS OR MODULUS OF RIGIDITY (G or ) describes an
object's tendency to shear (the deformation of shape at constant
volume) when acted upon by opposing forces; it is defined as shear
stress over shear strain. The shear modulus is part of the derivation
of viscosity.
 CENTRE OF GRAVITY :- Gravitational force acts on all points of an
extended object
 SOURCES OF FORCE
 Forces induced by gravity
 Dead Loads (permanent): self-weight of structure and attachments
 Live Loads (transient): moving loads (e.g. occupants, vehicles)
 Forces induced by wind
 Forces induced by earthquakes
 Forces induced by rain/snow
 Fluid pressures
 Others
 MODULUS OF ELASTICITY
 As per Hooks law “Within Elastic Limit, Stress is directly proportional
to strain”.
 i.e. σ α ε
 E=σ/ε
 E = Modulus of Elasticity

 describes tensile elasticity, or the tendency of an object to deform along

an axis when opposing forces are applied along that axis;

 Unit of measurement = N / mm2

 Modulus of Elasticity of Major materials
 Carbon Steel = 210000 Mpa
 Stainless Steel = 180000 Mpa
 BULK MODULUS
When a body is subjected to the identical stress  in three mutually
perpendicular directions, the body undergoes uniform changes in three
directions without the distortion of the shape

The ratio of change in volume to original volume has been defined as

volumetric strain(v )

Then the bulk modulus, K is defined as K=  / v

 BULK MODULUS
K=  / v

 Where, v = V/V  

Change in volume  
Bulk Modulus = 
Original volume

= Volumetric Strain
 MODULUS OF RIGIDITY (N): OR MODULUS OF
TRANSVERSE ELASTICITY OR SHEARING MODULUS
 Up to the elastic limit,
 shear stress ()  shearing strain()
 =N
 Expresses relation between shear stress and shear strain.
/=N;
 where
 Modulus of Rigidity = N =  / 
 SHEAR STRESS
 shear the shear stress  is a measure of the internal resistance of a
material to an externally applied shear load. The shear stress is defined
as:
 i.e. Shear Stress = Shear Force / Shear Area
 τ = pS / As

 Unit of measurement = N / mm2

 ELASTIC CONSTANTS

 YOUNG’S MODULUS E=/

 BULK MODULUS K =  / v

 MODULUS OF RIGIDITY N=/

 MOMENT OF INERTIA
 The moment of inertia measures the resistance to a
change in rotation.
 Change in rotation from torque
 Moment of inertia I = mr2 for a single mass

 The total moment of inertia is due to the sum of

masses at a distance from the axis of rotation.
N
I   mi ri 2
i 1
 SECTION MODULUS

 It indicates the strength of beam

 It is given by the ratio of M.I. to the distance of the

farthest fibre from the neutral axis.
 TORQUE
 Torque,  , is tendency of a force to rotate object about
some axis
  Fd
 F is the force
 d is the lever arm (or moment arm)
 Units are Newton-m
 STRESS-STRAIN DIAGRAM FOR DUCTILE MATERIAL
• stress-strain diagram for ductile
material (mild steel) showing the limit
of proportionality, elastic limit, yield
point, ultimate tensile stress and
fracture.
• At a certain value of load the strain
continues at slow rate without any
further stress. This phenomenon of
slow extension increasing with time, at
constant stress is termed creep.
• At this point a neck begins to develop
along the length of the specimen and
further plastic deformation is localized
within the neck.
• After necking the nominal stress
decreases until the material fractures
at the point of minimum cross-
sectional area.
 STRESS-STRAIN DIAGRAM FOR BRITTLE MATERIAL

• For the determination of yield

strength in such materials, one has
to draw a straight line parallel to the
elastic portion of the stress strain
curve at a predetermined strain
ordinate value (say 0.1%).
• The point at which this line
intersects the stress-strain curve is
called the yield strength.
MAXIMUM PRINCIPAL STRESS THEORY
 Maximum principle stress theory says that when one
of the principle stress exceeds the yield strength in
tension

 It is good for brittle materials.(Like Cast Iron)

MAXIMUM PRINCIPAL STRESS THEORY
 MAXIMUM SHEAR STRESS THEORY
 The theory associated with Tresca and Guest.

 This is very relevant to ductile metals. It is conservative and

relatively easy to apply.

 It assumes that failure occurs when a maximum shear stress

attains a certain value. This value being the value of shear
strength at failure in the tensile test. Ssy = Sy /2

 The factor of safety selected would be

FoS = Sy / ( 2 . τ max ) = Sy / ( σ1 - σ3 )
GRAPH OF MAX SHEAR STRESS
 ULTIMATE STRENGTH

The strength of a material is a measure of

the stress that it can take when in use. The
ultimate strength is the measured stress
at failure but this is not normally used for
design because safety factors are required.
The normal way to define a safety factor is
: stress at failure Ultimate stress
safety factor = 
stress when loaded Permissible stress
 POISSON’S RATIO
This is a measure of the amount by which a solid
"spreads out sideways" under the action of a load from
above. It is defined as:
(lateral strain) / (vertical strain)
and is dimensionless.
Note that a material like timber which has a "grain
direction" will have a number of different Poisson's
ratios corresponding to loading and deformation in
different directions.
AREA AND CIRCUMFERENCE
Area of Circle A= Π x r2

Area of Plate A= L x B

Circumference of Circle =Π x D
 WEIGHT CALCULATIONS

Weight of plate W= Volume x Density

=L x B x H x Density

Weight of Solid Cylinder/Rod W= Volume x Density

=(Π/4 x D2 x H) x Density

Weight of Hollow Cylinder/Pipe W= Volume x Density

=(Π/4 x D2-d2 x H) x Density
 VOLUME & HEIGHT
SHELL ELLIPTICAL TORI. HEMI CONE
DISHED DISHED DISHED
END END END
VOLUME 0.785 D2 L 0.131D3 0.0989D3 0.262 D3 0.131D3
/tanα
HEIGHT L D/4 0.19D D/2 D/2
tanα
THANK YOU.