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KEANEKARAGAMAN

ALPHA, BETA, GAMMA

Ika Puspitasari (10615011)


Kennard Jerdy K. (10615025)
Indira Anindyajati P. (10615059)
ALPHA – BETA – GAMMA
DIVERSITY
• Alpha diversity: This scale is used to determine the ‘number of species in a
single community’. It is used to compare with the number of species of other
community. This is the diversity within the space.
• Beta diversity: This scale is a measure of ‘change in composition of a
species’ with respect to changes in environment. This is the difference of
diversity between habitat.
• Gamma Diversity: This scale refers to the ‘rate at which the species with
similar habitat expand from one geographical area to another. This includes
the differences over a large area such as a continent.
EXAMPLE
• Thus, alpha diversity implies ‘species richness’, beta diversity refers to ‘susceptibility to
change’, and gamma diversity means ‘mobility over larger areas’.

Region X Region Y
• Alpha diversity is measured locally, at a single site as site 1 and 2. Site 1 has
higher alpha diversity than site 2.
• Beta diversity measures the amount of change between two sites or along a
gradient, as in regions X and Y. Region Y has higher beta diversity than
region X, as there is a higher turnover of species among the sites in region Y.
• Gamma diversity is similar to alpha diversity, only measured over a large
scale.
• Both alpha and beta diversity contribute to gamma diversity. Region X has
high alpha diversity at its sites, but they are all fairly similar; the region thus
has low beta diversity and only moderate gamma diversity. Region Y has low
alpha diversity at its sites, but the sites differ from each other; the region
therefore has high beta diversity, and higher gamma diversity than region X.
What are the properties of the community that
can be measured to indicate its alpha diversity?

• The total number of species within the sample


although relative frequencies are unknown.
• Richness and Balance
The simplest descriptor of beta diversity and one that can
be applied to any community sample, is



where  is the landscape-level diversity and ā is the average
diversity in a sample unit. Whittaker (1972) stated that a
generally appropriate measure of this is

Sc
w = 1
S
where
w is the beta diversity,
Sc is the number of species in the composite sample (the
number of species in the whole data set), and
S is the average species richness in the sample units.
ALPHA & GAMMA SPECIES DIVERSITY
INDICES
• Shannon-Wiener Index – most used
- sensitive to change in status of rare species
s
H '   ( pi )(ln pi )
i 1

H’ = diversity of species (range 0-1+)


s = # of species
pi = proportion of total sample belonging to i species
ALPHA & GAMMA SPECIES DIVERSITY
INDICES
• Simpson Index – sensitive to changes in most
abundance species
s
D   ( pi ) 2

i 1

D = dominance of species (range 0-1)


s = # of species
pi = proportion of total sample belonging to i species
BETA SPECIES DIVERSITY INDICES
• Sorensen’s Coefficient of Community Similarity – weights
species in common
2C
IS 
A B
Is = coefficient of similarity
(range 0-1)
C = # species common to both samples
A = # species in sample 1
B = # species in sample 2

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