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CLASIFICACIÓN
DRENAJE
INTRODUCCIÓN
Relleno
Cuerpo
Base o cimentación
Pie de base
Talón de base
Llave
Inclinación de muro
Keys
(a)
Approach siab
Approach
fill
Optional
(b) (e) piles
(f)
Headers
Stretcher
Face of wall
Counterforts
Note : Cells to be
filled with soil
(c) (d)
Figure 12-1 Types of retaining walls. (a) gravity walls of stone masonry, brick or plain concrete. Weight provides
overturning and sliding stability; (b) cantilever wall; (c) counterfort, or buttressed wall. If backfill covers
counterforts, the wall is termed a counterfort; (d) crib wall; (e) semigravity wall (small amount of steel reinforcement
Cut
Cut
Fill
Fill
(a)
Cut
Fill
(b)
Water
Water
(e)
(c)l (d)
High water
level
(f) (g)
Figure 3.22 Common use of retaining wall : (a) Hill side roads
(b) Elevated and depressed roads, (c) Load scaping
(d) Canals and locks (e) Erosión protection (f) Flood walls
(g) Bridge abutment.
Backfill
Front
face
Backface
Batter
Key between successive
concrete pours for high
walls
Stem
Key
Heel
Toe
Muros Cantilever
Muros de Gravedad
200 mm minimum
(300 mm preferable)
Minimum batter
1
H
48
B/3
H/12 to H/10
48 min
H
H H
to
14 12
200 mm minimum
Minimum
batter Slope change
1:48 to reduce
concrete
H
½ D to D
H/8 to H/6
D
May be 0.5 to 0.7 H
sloped
(a) (b)
Ko γ H
Figure 12-6 Pressure diagram for very rigid retaining walls. If some
lateral movement can take place the resultant R can be
placed at 1/3 point; with no movement place R at ½
point. Note use of Ko, not Ka.
ESTABILIDAD DE MUROS
β
Ws
Pv 1
Pa = γH’2 Ka
Wc 2
Ph
Possible passive
soil failure
Pp a Heel key
b located here
Possible slip along this
inclined plane
(c)
Figure 12-8 Stability against sliding using a base key . (a) Base key near
stem so that stem steel may be run into the key; but (b) the
sliding surface may develop as shown here where little aid is
gained from using the key; (c) heel key which presents two
possible modes of failure (passive and slip along the plane).
a, meters
0.61 1.22 1.83
Example: φ = 30° ka = 0.33
H = 6; take (a+b) = 0.5H = 3
Enter chart with H2kg = 132 and
400 read horizontally to b = 2.10 37.2
a= 0.9 These dimensions may
be used for the first trial.
H2 kg b 3 b2
a= + –
4 (m+b) 2 4 (m+b)
m=1
3000 m=2 27.9
H2ka, m2
200 18.6
100 9.3
m
a b
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Fig. 3.29 Chart for determining approximate dimension ‘a’ and ‘b’ for the base slab,
so that the resultant will fall inside the middle third (Bowles, 1968)
12
Q= W
∑
10 p
pp o Depthof key = B t an e
8
B
Example:
. B = 3 m; Q = 2ρ = 7.25 ton; Q = 20°
. Q/p = 2 and e = 18.5°
RATIO Q/P
.
6 Depth of key 3.75 tan 18.5 = 1.25 m
Also check Pp which may yield a
lower SF and be critical.
0
1° 5° 10° 15° 20° 25° 30°
ANGLE OF HEEL KEY θ
Fig. 3.34 Chart to find the depth of heel key for a sliding factor of safety of
1.5. Curves not valid for θ= 0 (Bowles, 1968)
FUERZAS EN EL MURO DE CONTENCIÓN
β
= angle of wall friction Ws P v= P asin
δ Wc β
Wc Ph = Pa cos (90°- + ) Ph = Pa cos
Pv = Pa sin (90°- ∝
∝ + δδ) β
Pa
δ Pa
∝ β
90 -
Pa
δ ∝ ∝
If small ∝
neglect
V = W c + Pv V = W c + W s + Pv
(a) b)
Figure 12-9 Forces on a gravity wall (a) Coulomb analysis; (b) Rankine analysis
β
Ws
Wc Wc
H Hw
Pa Pa
Pa cos
β
Hw
H 3
3
M1 V
qheel
qtoe (b)
e Sometimes omitted
V = W s + W c + Pa sin
β
(a) Included because
it is in q
(c) (d)
Figure 12-10 Forces on cantilever wall. (a) Entire unit; free bodies for; (b) stem;
(c) toe; (d) heel. Note that M1 + M2 + M3 ≅ 0.0.
β
h q = γhKa cos β
h h
Q = ∫o M=∫
o
qdh Qdh
V
M Q M
(a)
c Df
q1 γ
M q’1= average height of
Df
D
soil x γs + D f (γc)
f
qt q q’s b qh
S x B
A 1 S 1
q = qh + sx - q’1
x x
q = qt - sx - q1
=∫
Heel: Q qdx
x
∫ M = ∫ Qdx
o
Toe: Q = qdx
o
(b)
M= ∫ Qdx
x o
o
Figure 12-11 Cantilever retaining wall. (a) Stem shear and moments; (b) toe and
heel shears and moments.
Treat the toe as a cantilever H
beam loaded with the indicated
pressure diagram. (Same
solution as for the cantilever
retaining wall).
q= H
γ
Equivalent beam
∼
Kl l l l
If it is desired that the Counterforts
cantilever moment equal ql2
interior counterfort Use 10 for top strips of stem with an average “q” on
a unit strip
moments take kl= 0.41l l2
q
Use 12 for strips near the bottom of stem because
of fixity of stem to base
ql2
Use for all strips in the heel. Use an average net q
10
for the heel pressure; consider both γH and the
upward acting soil pressure
H/2
H/4
H
H/4
H/4
H/4
H/4
q/2 q/2 q’
q’ q/2 q/2
Use this pressure diagram Use this diagram for
for positive moment negative moment
computations computations
(a)
0.41 l 0.41 l
l l l l l
- 1/20 -1/11 -1/11 -1/11 -1/11 -1/20 -1/12 -1/12 -1/12 -1/12 -1/12 -1/12
Use q’ from the shaded portions of the pressure diagrams in (a). Moment
coefficientes are shown. Compute moments for several strips near top, midheight
and near bottom.
(b)
Assume M = const.
M ∼ 0
In this zone
H/2
H
H
M
+M =
4
-M = 0.03 qHl
H/4
V = 0.2 qH
q = HKa
γ
(a)
+M
Stem
Counterfort -M Counterfort
(b)
Ws
1
Pa = H2 Ka
H’ 2 γ
H’/3
7 Pb = area of pressure diagram
2 (2-3-6-7)
W cb = c bDc
γ
2.4 Mt 2
w' = W' = w' b
b2 3
W s + W cb q
qs = b Mt = toe moment value at front face of
wall
Pb sin
qb = β qf Note that w' is parabolic but may be
b
approximated as a uniform pressure w"
P'b sin β
q'b = b
b w" =
W'/b
qnet Assume pressure q’b, qb, and q are
q = w” + qs + qb + q'b constant and uniformly distributed
across b.
Since w”, qb, and q’b are small the design will usually
be sufficiently accurate to neglect these pressures.
qult = cNc dc ic + q Nq dq iq + 1 B N d i
γ γ γ γ
2
q = V ± Vec ≤ (e ≤
A I qa L/6)
ASENTAMIENTOS
Excessive toe
settlement
(a)
Underlying strata of compresible material as
clay or peat
(b)
Figure 12-16 Settlement failures. (a) Excessive forward tilt due to a high toe
pressure; (b) excesive settlement and tilt due to backfill. The
latter is a common potential problem at bridge abutments caused
by the approach fill
Wall tilts
back
Soil bulges here
Segment
rotates
h
Soft material with
low shear strength
Figure 12-17 Soil shear failure. May be analyzed by the Swedish-circle method. A
“shallow” failure occurs when base soil fails. A “deep” failure occurs
if the poor soil stratum is underlying a better soil as in the figure.
DISEÑO DE MUROS DE GRAVEDAD Y SEMIGRAVEDAD
Pc
H β
b b'
Q 6e Q ⎛
fc = ⎛
⎜1 ⎟ ≤⎞0.45 ft = ⎜1 ⎟ ≤ 1.6
− f c' − f c'
6e ⎞
12 B' B'
⎝ ⎠
12 B' B'
⎝ ⎠
Q = sum of all the vertical loads
Figure 12-18 Design of a gravity retaining wall with critical points indicated.
JUNTAS EN MUROS
Juntas de Construcción
Juntas de Contracción
Juntas de Expansión
Keys used to tie
two pours together
or to increase
shear between
base and stem
No key use:
surface base
is cleaned and
roughened.
provides Steel
a dded shear
0.411 0.411
Lloraderos
Drenes longitudinales
Relleno granular
Backfill with free draining soil
M = Pww Lw
2
Beams
Joint
Seat
∝
Abutment
Backfill
Monolithic
Pab
Figure 12-21 Brigde abutment and wing-wall earth pressure and methods of
construction.
DISEÑO DE UN MURO CON CONTRAFUERTES
Wall
Qc
Counterfort
y
c.g.s.
qh
arm
Tension
Qc y = As fy φ (arm)
CL
/// fixed
S X,Y rot = 0
Y-rotations = 0
Counterfort
Wall X
Typical grid
Figure 12-23 Tipycal layout for using mat program to solve a plate fixed on
three edges. Note use of closer grid spacing at edges to better
develop plate curvature.
Counterfort
A Counterfort main
reinforcing
Face wall Horizontal const.
Joint for high wall Counterfort
B B Face of
Main reinforcing in wall
face of wall U-ties.
Pipe sleave or
opening in counter
fort for drain pipe
Weep holes Dowls.
Dimensionamiento de Pantalla
Peralte minimo por corte
FSD = Sumh / Eh
FSD ≤ 1.5 NO
FSV = Mi/Me
NO
FSD 1.5
≤
1 2
3
Esfuerzos en la base:
Smax, Smin
qa ≥ Smax NO
Diseño de la pantalla
Refuerzo Principal y secun- Aumenta altura de la
dario gráfico para determinar zapata
Altura de corte de fierro
NO
Vmax > Vact
Pérdida SI Variar
de Presión
Momentos
en talón
Refuerzo Principal y
Secundario
FIN
0.25 m
w = 2 Ton / m2
φ1 = 32°
H1 = 2.0 m. c1 = 0
3
1 = 1.70 T / m
γφ2 = 28°
6.0 m H2 = 2.5 m. c2 = 1 T / m 2
3
γ2 = 1.80 T / m
= 20°
φ2
1.5 m
H3 = 1.5 m. cb = 2.5 T / m2
= 1.9 T / m3
0.50 γ2
13 m
3.90 m = 20°
φ2
cb = 2.5 T / m2
= 1.9 T / m3
γ2
Figura 2
0.20 m
= 10°
β
= 28°
φ2
cb = 0
5.0 m = 1.8 T / m3
γ2
= 10°
δ
Csh = 0.10
1.20 Csv = 0
0.50
1.20 m
3.60 m = 30°
φ2
cb = 1 T / m2
b = 2 T / m3
γ
Figura 3
EJB-fPLO 1 • -
* * * ****DE***E*NT*R*AD*A*
D A TO S
*
DATOS DEL
**************** RELLENO:
ANGULO DE XNCLINACION: B•ta.-. <:>. o-o orad-e>•
ANGULO FRIC. RELLENO-MURO: De1ta- O - <:>O Qr ado-• ·
.ESTRATO ANp-FR::CCCION COHES:tDN PESO UNXT. ALTURA
N. · grados T/m2 T/~'3 Mts.
1 32-00 O - O<:>· l. - 70 2.00
28-00 1. • 1-80 2-50
20.00 O<:> 1- 90 1- 50
2-50
DATOS AD::CCIONALES:
~
---~DEL.~=
ºTt...1111:A 'Z..Jf!ll¡#>A TA :
H= 6-00
.... -
Mts
Mt9..
.
.
Hz= so
LOp,,K; - DE'
~ lll"·r-E: DE ZAPATA:
F:z= 1- 3-ú Mta.
LONGXTUD TOT~ DE .ZAPATA: Bz= :..::. 9() Mt15.
-
I MF"RES ~t CJN OE RESUL Ti~DDS
~=======~==== ~.
===~====
CORTE ACTUA~TE EN LA BASE DEL MURO:
ESFUERZO DE CORTE PERMISIBLE :
~"J"'III,..
CALCULO DE ESFUERZOS INTERNOS
i ESF1.;JERZOS
SECC:ION Al,-TURA FUERZA CORTANTE M0'1ENTO FLECTOR
N. Mts. Ton. .
o o.o-o o.oo T-m
1 ' .. óO -46 o.oo
r ; 20 1-11. -22
1-80 1. 95 1-01
4 ~-40 2 .. 62 2.56
5 ~ .. 3 _ 3::5 4.93
6 úO 4.30 7.96
7 :S-60 5.49 11.. 84
a .lf-. 20. 6.62 16.81
'9 4.ao 7.77 23.05
10 ~-40 9.25 30.36
6,.00 39.01.
SECC:ION
N.
MOMENTO
T-M
ANCHO
MURO<c,n)
DE ACERO
cm2
CUANT I A
,. CUANT:IA
MAX •
o O.OOOú 25-00 3.4000 • 0017 -0163
1 -2200 26 ..30 3.6210 ..OOl.7 .0163
1 ..007'9 27.60 3 .. .. oc, .0163
3 2- 35:55·· 28 .. 8420 .0163
..q._ 0630 17
4 4.-9330 90 ..20
30 ..0021 -0163
:5 7.9585 :S1.50 ~-3103 ...._0031 .0163
8.2469 0017
6 11 .. 8394 :s:z .. .0043 - 016.3
7 16-8144 1. 1 .. • 00:56 -0163
so
a 23-0462 ~-10
8621 .0072 -0163
9 30.3571 36,.70 1.6.3694 .0089 .. 0163
3'!5- 40
:ss.oo 21.9139 .016.3
10 39.0091 • O 1. c:>9
28.3084
MAX .. VERTI·~ CAL.CULAJ;)0:35.86
:35.8556 c:m2
REFUERZO
1~"')0 DEL REFUERZO ~LNCrPAL
7- VERTYCAL EN CARA XN,ERXOR: 40.48 cm2( a Fierros de 1~>
=======-==============.::===.========:.==::=:=~=a:=================:.:==:.:.::========
••••••• DI SENO OPT :t MQ DE UN MUF:O DE CONTEr-.lC I: ON EN CP,.NT I LE,.·~'E:F: - •••• - -
. =-====== = := =. = ==== ==================== ===== - =-======= =::--=== -- .:=- == =-= === =
=--== =====
* * ********DE
DATOS
***'***
EN?RADA
****************
DATOS DEL RELLENO:
ANGULO DE INCLINACXON: ·Be-ta_.. 10-00 g:r-ados
ANGULO FR~C- RELLENO-MURO: ~l. ta-- 10.úO grados
!
ESTRATO A~G-FRICCION COHES.XQtlil PESO UNIT. ALTUF:A
N- '. grados T/...Z T/,n3 Mts-
1 28-0C> 0-00 1 - ec, 5-0ú
DATOS ADICXO~ALES:
SOBRECARGA: Sc- O. OC> T/m2
PESO ESPECI:FZCO DEL CONCRETO: P..- 2-40 T/m3
RESIST.DEL QONCRETO 28 DJ:AS: F~c- 210~00 Kg/c:m2
FL4ENCIA DEL ACERO: Fy~ 4200.00 Kg/cm2
****SE CONSIQERA.EMPUJE PASIVO****
ALTURA DE EMPUJE PASIVO: O= 1.. 20 Mts.
P I E= :t - 2<3 ·
TAl_l.:"JN-= 2- <..:>6
Mt s Mts
LONGITUD TOTAL DE ZAPATA~ 3. 60 r,-lts .
ESPESOF: DE LA LOSA DE BASE= .50 Mts