Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
Training Topics
I Respiratory Protection Anatomy and
Physiology
II Confined Space Emergencies
III Toxic Atmosphere Monitoring
Equipment
IV Breathing Apparatus Review
VI Lifting Systems
Training Continued:
VII Confined Space Rescue Practical
Exercises
References
NFPA 1670 Operations and Training for
Technical Rescue Incidents
NFPA 1006 Professional Qualifications for
Rescue Technicians
Confined Space and Structural Rope
Rescue, Michael Roop/Tom Vines/Richard
Wright. Mosby Press 1997
References
OSHA 29 CFR 1910.146 Compliance
Directive for Permit Required Confined
Spaces
Technical Rescue Field Operations Guide,
Tom Pendley. Desert Rescue Research 2000
Respiratory Protection
The Respiratory Process
The exchange of gases (O2 & CO2)
between the alveoli & the blood occurs by
simple diffusion: O2 diffusing from the
alveoli into the blood & CO2 from the
blood into the alveoli.
Respiratory Process Cont.
We do this, of course, by breathing - continuously
bringing fresh air (with lots of O2 & little CO2)
into the lungs & the alveoli.
Breathing is an active process - requiring the
contraction of skeletal muscles. The primary
muscles of respiration include the external
intercostal muscles (located between the ribs) and
the diaphragm (a sheet of muscle located between
the thoracic & abdominal cavities).
The Respiratory Process
Confined Space Emergencies
Confined Space Fatalities:
– 90 % due to asphyxiation
– 60 % of the fatalities are would be rescuers
enter
B.-Not designed for continuous occupancy
Further, you must post the permit near the confined space
entry for entrants to verify that pre-entry procedures have
been completed.
Non-Permit C-Space
A non-permit required confined space is:
– 1. Spaces that do not contain, nor has the
potential to contain, any uncontrolled hazards
capable of causing death or serious physical
harm
– 2. Space in which all the hazards in a permit
space can be eliminated
C-Space Entry Risk Profile
A permit required confined space has less
risk if it meets the following criteria:
– A. The internal configuration of the space is
clear and unobstructed so retrieval systems can
be used for rescuers without the possibility of
entanglement
Entry Risk Pro-file cont.
– B. The victim can be easily seen from the
outside the space’s primary access opening
– C. Rescuers can pass easily through
access/egress opening(s) with room to spare
with appropriate PPE
– D. The space can accommodate two or more
rescuers in addition to the victim
– E. All hazards in and around the space have
been ID’d , isolated and controlled
C-Space Entry Risk Profile
A permit required confined space has more
risk if any of the following conditions or
other hazardous conditions exist
– A. Presence of downed rescuer
– B. Victim’s location and condition are
unknown
– C.-Hazards are known to exist that cannot be
completely isolated or controlled
Entry Risk Profile cont.
– D. The internal configuration of the space
makes line management difficult and hinders
retrieval of lines by rescuers
Red Rescuer
AIR LINE MANAGEMENT
OSHA Respiratory Standard
1910.134(e)(3)(iii) requires, when an IDLH
atmosphere exists, A stand by man or men
with suitable self contained breathing
apparatus shall be at the nearest fresh air
base for emergency rescue
Safe Respiratory Work
Practices
1. Rescuers should immediately withdrawal from
space whenever a respiratory problem develops
2. Rescuers should wear full a full body harness
and use life lines when ever practical
3. Minimum capacity of of the source air should
be twice the volume of the total needs of all
rescuers connected to it for the anticipated
duration of the rescuer’s entry
Safe Work Practices cont:
4. A minimum team of two rescuers should
be utilized for all permit space rescue
entries
Lifting/Raising Systems
Miller Tripod
Miller Tripods provide a highly portable
anchorage system for typical confined
space entry and rescue systems
Made of high-strength aluminum, the
tripod withstands up to 5,000 lbs of pull
yet weights only 42 lbs
Legs lock independently and adjust with
integral push pins allowing set up on
uneven surfaces
SKED EVAC Tripod
Features aircraft-grade, gold-
anodized aluminum legs and a
cast-aluminum head
Three heavy-duty rigging anchors
have exceptionally large holes for
easy attachment and are located in
the center
SKED EVAC Tripod
Legs adjust in 5-inch increments
for a maximum height of 10 feet
and a minimum length for
transport of 7 feet
Holes in the feet allow the tripod to
be bolted into position
119 inch height / 5,280 lbs (23kN)
SKED EVAC Tripod
Ladder A-Frames
Mechanical Advantage
Systems
Retrieval Systems
1910.146 (k)(3) requires that retrieval
systems be used except when the retrieval
equipment would increase the risk to an
entrant or would not contribute to the rescue
of an entrant.
When a retrieval system is not used,
alternate methods of retrieval must be
developed.
Retrieval
Systems
Red Rescuer
Yellow Rescuer
Retrieval Systems
Primary Rescuer
in the space,
secondary
rescuer being
lowered in on
retrieval system
and a safety.
MA Systems
Rescuer hauler 4:1 system
– 3-inch double pulley with a cam
– rope can move in only one direction when the
cam is engaged
– allows rescuer to raise a load by pulling on the
tail end of the rope, releasing it, and getting
another grip
MA Systems
Rescuer hauler 4:1
– cam can be released manually by pulling on the
attached cord
– accommodates rope sizes from 3/8” (10mm) to
1/2” (12/5mm).
– Minimum break strength when in use is 12,000
lb
Rescuer Hauler 4:1
MA Systems
1:1 COD
2:1 MA System
3:1 MA System
6:1 MA System
Patient Evacuation Devices
Patient Evacuation Devices
Patient packaging devices that can be used in
confined spaces include but are not limited to the
following:
– Full spine immobilization devices
– Short spine immobilization devices
– Litters
– Prefabricated full body harnesses
– Tied full body harnesses
– Wrist loops (wristlets)
Prefabricated Class III
Harnesses
C-Space Practical Exercises
C-Space Rescue
Priority 1: Make the scene safe
– Assess hazards
– Mitigate hazards: Control or remove hazards
Priority 2: Victim contact by Primary Rescuer
– Establish victim location
– Perform initial assessment if possible
– Determine mechanism of injury
– Begin psychological first aid
C-Space Rescue
Priority 3: Size-up
-Gather information: MSDS, etc.
-Risk benefit analysis (Go/no-go)
-Implement ICS
-Team member assignments (support personnel,
ventilation, monitoring, air watch, decon, etc.)
Priority 4: Preparation
-Rescuer PPE
-Anchoring & rigging rescue equipment
-Authorized entrant review
C-Space Rescue
Priority 5: Access Victim
-Designate Rescue Sector Officer
-Utilize rescuer retrieval (high point)
-Designate stand-by personnel
Priority 6: Stabilize and package victim
-Provide first aid to life threatening injuries
-Secure packaging for rescue transport
C-Space Rescue
Priority 7: Evacuate
-Move victim to safe location
-Provide medical report to EMS
-Remove rescuers from space
Priority 8: Response Termination
-Take up/inventory gear
-Decon if necessary
-Rebuild gear packs (if necessary)
LINE
MANAGEMENT
IS CRITICAL IN
ANY CSPACE
ENTRY FOR THE
FOLLOWING
REASON:
Rescue Response
Non-IDLH Atmosphere
– Incident Commander
– Rescue Sector Officer
– Entry Supervisor:
Verifies tests required are complete
– Safety Officer:
Oversees scene for safety hazards
commander
During rescue, each rescuer should consider
him/herself equally responsible for safety
IDLH Atmosphere
– Incident Commander
– Rescue Sector Officer
– Entry Supervisor:
Verifies tests required are complete
– Safety Officer:
Oversees scene for safety hazards
commander
During rescue, each rescuer should consider
him/herself equally responsible for safety
Wrap Up
Questions
Practical Exercises:
– Knot Review
– SCBA Review/diminished profile
– Harnesses/SKED lashing
– A-Frames/Gin Pole construction
– Confined space exercises