Ma. Eloisa R.

Jurilla
HUMSS X1 - A
 BASIC CHEMISTRY
 All living and non-living things are composed of
matter.
 Matter-anything that occupies space and has a mass.
 Mass-the amount of matter in an object.
 Weight-the gravitational force acting on an object of
a given mass. Ex. The weight of an apple results
from the force of gravity “pulling” on the apple’s
mass.
 Kilogram(kg)-the internat’l unit for mass, w/c is the
mass of a platinum-iridium cylinder kept at the
International Bureau of Weights and Measurements
in France.
- The mass of all other objects is compared with this
cylinder.
SOME COMMON ELEMENTS
ELEMENTS PERCENT IN HUMAN BODY BY WEIGHT

1. Hydrogen 9.5
2. Carbon 18.5
3. Nitrogen 3.3
4. Oxygen 65
5. Sodium 0.2
6. Phosphorus 1.0
7. Sulfur 0.3
8. Chlorine 0.2
9. Potassium 0.4
10. Calcium 1.5
11. Iron Trace
12. Iodine Trace
 Elements and Atoms
• Element-the simplest type of matter with unique
chemical properties.
• As of March 1996, 112 elements are known.
• 96% of the weight of the body results from the
elements oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and
nitrogen.
• Atom-(at’om,indivisible) is the smallest particle of
an element that has the chemical characteristics of
the element.
• An element is composed of atoms of only one
kind.
 Occasionally the symbol is taken from the Latin, Greek,
or Arabic name for the element—for example, Na from
the Latin word natrium is the symbol for sodium.

Atomic Structure
 Atoms are composed of subatomic particles, some of
which have an electric charge.
 3 major types of subatomic particles:
1. Neutrons -have no electrical charge
2. protons-have positive charges
3. electrons-have negative charges
-the positive charge of a proton is equal in magnitude to
the negative charge of an electron.
Protons and neutrons form the nucleus of the
atom, and the electrons are moving around
the nucleus.
The nucleus accounts for 99.97% of an
atom’s mass, but only 1 ten trillionth of its
volume.
Atomic number-of an element is equal to the
number of protons in each atom and because
the number of electrons and protons is equal,
the atomic number is also the number of
electrons.
 Mass number-the number of protons plus the number
of neutrons in each atom. Ex. Mass number for
carbon is 12 because it has 6 protons and 6 neutrons.

Electrons and Chemical Bonding

occurs when the outermost
Chemical bonding -
electrons are transferred or shared between
atoms.
2 major types of chemical bonding:
1. Ionic bonding
2. Covalent bonding
 Exercises:
Give the atomic number and mass number of each elements
given that the:
1. Carbon electron=6 neutron=6 atomic no.=? mass no.=?
2. flourine neutron=19; proton=9 atomic no.=? mass
no.=?
3. Nitrogen neutron=7 electron=7 atomic no.=? mass
no.=?
4. Oxygen neutron=7 proton=8 atomic no.=? mass no.=?
5. Boron proton=5 neutron=5 atomic no.=? mass no.=?

write your answer in ½ crosswise

 Ionic bonding-condition wherein oppositely charged ions are
attracted to each other. Ex. Na+ and Cl-.
IMPORTANT IONS

COMMON IONS SYMBOLS SIGNIFICANCE

1. Calcium Ca2+ Part of bones and teeth, blood clotting, muscle

contraction, release of neurotransmitters

2. Sodium Na+ Membrane potentials, water balance

3. Potassium K+ Membrane potentials

4. Hydrogen H+ Acid-base balance

5. hydroxide OH+ Acid-base balance

6. Chloride Cl- Water balance

7. Bicarbonate HCO3- Acid-base balance

8. Ammonium NH4+ Acid-base balance

9. Phosphate PO4 3- Part of bones and teeth, energy exchange, acid-

base balance

10. iron Fe2+ Red blood cell formation

11. Magnesium Mg2+ Necessary for Enzymes

12. Iodide I- Present in thyroid hormones

 Covalent Bonding
 Results when atoms share one or more pairs of electrons. Ex. H2 molecule
 Single covalent bond-when an electron pair is shared between 2 atoms. It can
be represented by a single line between the symbols of the atoms involved.
Ex. H----H
 Double covalent bond-results when 2 atoms share 2 pairs of electrons. Ex.
O=C=O
 Polar covalent bond-unequal, asymmetrical sharing of electrons which results
in one end (pole) of the molecule having a small electrical charge opposite to
that of the molecule having a small electrical charge opposite to that of the
other end.
 Polar molecules-molecules with asymmetrical electric charge
 Non-Polar molecules-molecules with symmetrical electrical charge
 Molecules and Compounds
Molecule-formed when 2 or more atoms
chemically combine to form a structure that
behaves as an independent unit. Ex. The atoms
that combine to form molecule can be of the
same type such as 2 hydrogen atoms combining
to form hydrogen molecule.
--molecule consists of 2 or more different
types of atoms, such as 2 hydrogen atoms and 1
oxygen atom forming H2O(water).
Compounds-(to place together) is a substance
composed of two or more different types of atoms
that are chemically combined.
Covalent compounds-in w/c different types of
atoms are held together by covalent bonds, are
molecules because the sharing of electrons results
in the formation of distinct, independent units. Ex.
Water(can be compound and molecule). Same
charges(both positive)
Ionic compound-ions are held together by the force
of attraction between opposite charges are not
molecules because they do not consist of distinct
units. Na+Cl-, C6H12O6(opposite charges)
 Dissociation
 Dissociate-or separate from each other
because the positively charged ions are
attracted to the negative ends of the
water molecules, and the negatively
charged ions are attracted to the positive
ends of the water molecules.
 Ions that dissociate in water are sometimes
called electrolytes
 Electrolytes-a liquid through w/c electricity
can pass. They have the capacity to
conduct an electrical current, w/c is the
flow of charged particles
Chemical Reactions
In a chemical reaction, atoms, ions,
molecules, or compounds interact
either to form or to break chemical
bonds.
Reactants-substances that enter into
a chemical reaction
Products-substances that result from
the chemical reaction.
 Classification of Chemical
Reactions
 1. Synthesis Reactions-when two or more reactants combine
to form a larger, more complex product.
A+B AB
Examples of synthesis reactions include the synthesis
of the complex molecules of the human body from the
basic “building blocks” obtained in food and synthesis
of adenosine triphophate (ATP) molecules. (A-
adenine, T-triphosphate[PO4 3-].
 2. Decomposition reactions-reactants are broken down into
smaller, less complex products by means of natural process.
 AB A+B
 Examples of decomposition reactions include the
breakdown of food molecules into basic building
blocks, and the breakdown of ATP to ADP and
phosphate group.
A-P-P-P A-P-P+ P
3. Exchange Reactions-combination of a decomposition
and synthesis reaction.
AB + CD AC + BD
The reaction of hydrochloric acid (HCl) with sodium
hydroxide (NaOH) to form table salt (NaCl) and water
(H20) is an exchange reaction
HCl + NaOH NaCl + H2O
 Reversible Reactions
Reversible reaction-chemical reaction in w/c
the reaction can proceed from reactants to
products and from products to reactants.
Equilibrium-when the rate of product
formation is equal to the rate of reactant
formation.
CO2 + H2O H+ + HCO3-
For example, slowing the respiration rate
causes blood CO2 levels to increase, w/c
in turn causes an increase in H+
concentration in the blood.
 Energy and Chemical
Reactions
 Energy, unlike matter, does not occupy space and it has no
mass.
 Energy-capacity to do work-that is, to move matter.
 2 types of energy:
1. potential energy-stored energy that could do
work but is not doing so. Ex. Coiled spring
2. kinetic energy-energy caused by the movement
of an object and is the form of energy that actually
does work. Ex. Uncoiling spring
 Kinds of kinetic energy:
1. mechanical energy-energy resulting from the position or
movements of objects. Ex. Moving a limb, breathing,
circulating blood.
2. heat energy-friction
ATP ADP + P + HEAT + ENERGY (used by cells)
3. electric energy
4. Electromagnetic(radiant)energy
 Kinds of Potential energy:
1. chemical energy-Ex. Charged particles such as two
negatively charged electrons or two positively charged nuclei,
repel each other. Chemical bonding is a form of potential
energy because of the charges and positions of the subatomic
particles bound together.
 Law of conservation of energy-according to this, total energy of the
universe is constant
The energy that makes almost all
life on earth possible ultimately
comes from the sun.
Ex. Process of photosynthesis
Plants capture the energy in
sunlight and convert it into
chemical bonds in glucose. The
plants and the organisms that eat
plants use the energy from glucose
to form ATP. The energy from the
breakdown of ATP fuels the
chemical reactions of life.
 Rate of Chemical
Reactions
*factors that affect the rate of chemical reaction:
how easily substances react with one another; their
concentrations, temperature; presence of catalyst.
Reactant-differ from one another in their ability to
undergo chemical reactions. Ex. Iron corrodes much
more rapidly than does stainless steel. Ex. During
refurbishment the iron bars forming the skeleton of
Statue of liberty were replaced with stainless steel
bars.
Concentration-w/in limits, the greater the
concentration of reactants, the greater the
rate at w/c a chemical reaction will occur
because, as the concentration inc, the
reacting molecules are more likely to come
into contact with one another.
Temperature-the rate of chemical reactions
also increases when the temp. increases.
Ex. The clumsy movement of very cold
fingers results largely from the reduced rate
of chemical reactions in cold muscle tissue.
 Catalysts-substance that increases the rate of
chemical reaction, without itself permanently changed
or depleted.

Acids And Bases

Acid-proton donor.
-any substance that releases hydrogen ions in water
is an acid. Ex. HCl
Base-proton acceptor
-Ex. Sodium hydroxide(NaOH) forms sodium ions
(Na+) and Hydroxide ions (OH-).
 THE PH SCALE
Ph scale-ranges from 0-14, indicates the H+
concentration of a solution.
Neutral solution-has an equal number of H+
and OH-and has PH of 7.0.
Acidic solution-has PH less than 7.0 and has
greater concentration of H+ than OH-
Alkaline or basic solution-has PH greater
than 7.0 and has fewer H+ than OH-
Quiz!!! :D
 7.35-7.45-Normal PH  Ex. Of basic solution:
range for human
blood.  1. seawater
 Ex. Of acidic solutions  2. Baking soda
 1. HCl  3. great salt lake
 2. Stomach acid  4. household ammonia
 3. lemon juice  5. soda ash
 4. vinegar, cola, beer  6. oven cleaner
 5. tomatoes  7. sodium
hydroxide(NaOH)
 6. black coffee
 7. urine, saliva(6.5)
 Salts Buffers
 Salt-compound
consisting of positiveBuffer-chemical
ion other than a H+ that resists changes
and a negative ion in PH when either an
other than a OH-. acid or a base is
Formed by the added to a solution
reaction of an acid containing the
and a base
buffer.
HCl+NaOH NaCl
+ H2O
 INORGANIC CHEMISTRY

Inorganic-those that OXYGEN

come from nonliving  Inorganic molecule

consisting of two oxygen
sources. atoms bound together by
a double covalent bond.
Organic-those that are
 21% of gas in
extracted from living atmosphere is oxygen.
organisms.. Carbon  Oxygen is required in
containing substances many chemical reactions
that occur in the human
body.
 WATER(H20)
CARBON  Inorganic molecule that consists of one atom
of oxygen joined by polar covalent bonds to
DIOXIDE(CO2) two atoms of hydrogen.

Consist of one carbon  Its functions are:

1. Stabilizing body temperature- water can
atom bound to two absorb large amounts of heat and remain at
oxygen atoms. a stable temperature.
2. Protection-water is an effective lubricant.
O=C=O Ex. Tears protect the surface of eye from
rubbing of the eyelids.
It is produced when 3. Chemical reactions-most chemical reactions
necessary for life do not take place unless
food molecules such as the reacting molecules are dissolved in
glucose are metabolized water.

within the cells of the

body
4. transport-many substances
dissolve in water and can be
moved from place to place as
water moves. Ex. Blood transport
waste products, nutrients and gases
w/in the body.
 ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

4 major groups of organic molecules essential to

living organisms: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins,
nucleic acids

1. Carbohydrates
-composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
atoms. CH20
Monosaccharides-(simple sugar)smallest
carbohydrates. Building blocks of carbo.. .
Glucose(blood sugar) and fructose(fruit
sugar)-important monosaccharide energy
sources for many of the body’s cells.
Disaccharides-sucrose(table sugar)
Polysaccharides-glucose(glycogen, animal
starch, plant starch, cellulose
Cellulose-important structural component of
plant cell walls. Humans cannot digest
cellulose, however it is eliminated in the
feces where cellulose fibers provide bulk.
2. Lipids
-substances that
dissolve in nonpolar
solvents, such as alcohol
or acetone, but not in polar
solvents such as water.
Lipids contain a lower
proportion of oxygen to
carbon than do
carbohydrates. Ex. Of
lipids: fats, phospholipids,
and steroids
2.A Fats-important energy-
storage molecules; pad and
insulate the body.
Fatty acids and Glycerol-
building blocks of fats.
-the carboxyl group is
responsible for the acidic
nature of the molecule
because it releases
hydrogen ions into
solution.
Saturated-fatty acid is said to be saturated if it
contains only single covalent bonds between the
carbon atoms. Sources: beef, pork, whole milk,
cheese, butter, eggs, coconut oil, palm oil.
Unsaturated-carbon chain is said to be unsaturated if
it has one or more double covalent bonds.
Monounsaturated fats-such as olive and peanut oils
have one double covalent bonds between carbon
atoms.
2.B Phospholipids
Hydrophilic(water-loving)-the polar end of the molecule
is attracted to water and is said to be…
hydrophobic(water-fearing)-the nonpolar end is repelled
by water and is said to be…
Eicosanoids-group of important chemicals derived from
fatty acids. They are important regulatory molecules. Ex.
Prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes.
Prostaglandins-regulate the secretions of some hormones,
blood clotting, reproductive functions.
2.C Steroids-composed of carbon atoms bound together
into four ringlike structures. Important steroid molecules
include cholesterol, bile salts, estrogen, progesterone and
testosterone.
Cholesterol-important steroid because
other molecules are synthesized from it.
Ex. Bile salts, reproductive
hormones(estrogen, progesterone,
testosterone)
Bile salts-increase fat absorption in the
intestines.
 3. Proteins
All proteins contain carbon, hydrogen,
oxygen, and nitrogen and most have some
sulfur.
Amino acids-bldg.blocks of proteins.
There are 20 basic types of amino acids.
Humans can synthesize 12 of these from
simple organic organic molecules, but the
remaining 8 “essential amino acids” must be
obtained in the diet.
*Important functions of protein:
1. Enzymes are proteins w/c regulate the rate of chemical
reactions.
2. Structural proteins provide the framework for many of the
body’s tissues
3. Muscle contain proteins that are responsible for muscle
contraction
Enzymes-protein catalyst that increases the rate at which a
chemical reaction proceeds w/out the enzyme being permanently
changed. Ex. Heat in the form of spark is required to start the
reaction between oxygen and gasoline
ENZYME ACTION
The enzyme brings two reacting
molecules together. This is possible
because the reacting molecules “fit” the
shape of the enzyme (lock-and-key model).
After the reaction, the unaltered enzyme
can be used again.
 4. Nucleic acid: DNA and
RNA
DNA-the genetic material of cells, and copies of
it are transferred from one generation of cells to
the next.
It contains the information that determines
the structure of proteins.
 RNA-structurally related to DNA. It plays
important role in protein synthesis
 Both DNA and RNA consists of basic building
blocks called nucleotides.
Adenosine triphosphate
Especially important organic
molecule found in all living
organisms. It consists of adenosine
and 3 phosphate groups.
“energy currency of cells” because
it is capaable of both storing and
providing energy.
 ASSIGN

Molecules form when two or more atoms

form chemical bonds with each other.
Compounds specifically are molecules
that combine more than one element