Applications of Data

Analysis Techniques

Dr. Vidya Naik

10 1
 Data Analysis
1) Why ?
2) How ?
3) Some important considerations before
analysis ------
a) Type of data
b) Objectives
c) Hypotheses

Dr. Vidya Naik

10 2
 Consideration 1
Types of Data ( Scales )

a) Nominal

b) Ordinal

c) Interval

d) Ratio
Dr. Vidya Naik
10 3
 Consideration 2
Objectives

What are we trying to find out ?

In order to achieve this, what kind of

information is required ?

Which tools are giving this information ?

Dr. Vidya Naik

10 4
 Consideration 3
Hypotheses
What is the type of hypotheses framed ?

What is the level of significance set ?

What type is the available data ?

Which technique will meet the research needs

keeping the type of data in mind ?

Dr. Vidya Naik

10 5
 Descriptive Analysis
I) Measures of Central Tendency---
Mean, Median, Mode

II) Measures of Variability/Dispersion---

Range, Average deviation, Quartile
deviation, Standard deviation

III) Measures of Correlation---

IV) Normal distribution---

Dr. Vidya Naik
10 6
 Inferential Statistics

Types of Inferential Statistics

NON
PARAMETRIC
PARAMETRIC

Dr. Vidya Naik

10 7
 Parametric Statistics

Essential conditions of usage -----

1) The data is in the interval or ratio scale.

2) Both the groups have equal variance.

3) The trait/variable is normally distributed.

4) The sample is randomized.

Dr. Vidya Naik

10 8
 Non-parametric Statistics
No such conditions as parametric statistics.
But when the data is ---
1) in either nominal or ordinal scale ,
2) small in size ,
3) not randomly selected ,
4) homogeneity of variance cannot be
established &
5) variable is not normally distributed in the
population ( skewed )
Researcher should go for non-parametric
statistics.
Dr. Vidya Naik
10 9
Certain Terms defined ---

1) Levels of Significance

2) Degrees of Freedom

3) Critical Value

4) Tails of a Test

5) Area of Rejection

Dr. Vidya Naik

10 10
 Testing of Hypotheses

If the calculated value of a given statistic is lesser

than the table value of that statistic, then the
hypothesis is RETAINED.

If the calculated value of a given statistic is greater

than the table value of that statistic, then the
hypothesis is REJECTED.
Calculated value > Table value ( REJECT )
Calculated value < or = Table value ( RETAIN )
Dr. Vidya Naik
10 11
 Tails of a Test

For Null hypotheses two tailed test is applied.

For Non--directional hypotheses two tailed test is

applied.

For Directional hypotheses one tailed test is

applied.

Can you tell WHY ?????

Dr. Vidya Naik

10 12
 Statistical Significance
What is the significance of SIGNIFICANCE?

Levels of Significance---

1) 0.05 & 2) 0.01

Levels of Confidence---

1) 95 % & 2) 99 %

When to use the terms---

Significance & Confidence
Dr. Vidya Naik
10 13
 Types of Errors
Type I Error is committed when TRUE NULL
hypothesis is REJECTED. ( alpha )
[Innocent is unjustly convicted or punished]

Type II Error is committed when NULL

hypothesis is RETAINED, when it is not TRUE.
( Beta )
[Unjust acquittal of a guilty person]

Dr. Vidya Naik

10 14
 Steps of Testing Hypotheses

1) Frame the hypothesis.

2) Choose the appropriate statistical test.

3) Decide the level of significance.

4) Calculate value.

5) Refer to the appropriate table & get the critical value.

6) Compare both the values & decide about the

significance of your results.

Dr. Vidya Naik

10 15
 Some Major Statistical Tests

1) Chi square test

2) t test

3) Z test

4) F test

Dr. Vidya Naik

10 16
 Chi Square Test

Non-parametric test , used when the data is in

the nominal scale or grouped in the nominal
categories.
eg. YES NO

35 68

Do the people differ significantly in their opinion?

Dr. Vidya Naik

10 17
 Chi Square Test

Favourable Unfavourable
Men 53 37

Women 64 46

Do men & women differ significantly in their

opinions?

Dr. Vidya Naik

10 18
 Z Test & t - Test

Parametric tests are used when you want to

compare sample statistics of two groups.

Z test is used when the sample size is large (more

than 30 ) & t test is used when the sample size is
small (30 or less ).

Comparison of means, s.d., percentages of TWO

groups. Dr. Vidya Naik
10 19
 F Test ( ANOVA)

Parametric test. When more than two groups

are to be compared F Test is applied.

ONE independent variable ONE WAY ANOVA

TWO independent variables TWO WAY ANOVA

Dr. Vidya Naik

10 20
THANK YOU

Dr. Vidya Naik

10 21