Prepared by:

Raymund Aribato
Joshua Villagomez
Micca Gae Natabio
Messie Parnecio
 The Equilibrium Constant, K

Chemical Equilibrium is the state in

which the reactants and products have no
net change over time. This is when the
forward and reverse reactions occur at
equal rates. This state of equilibrium can
be described by the equilibrium constant,
K.
The equilibrium constant, K, can be used
to find the concentrations of each
component of a reversible reaction at
equilibrium. To effectively use this
equilibrium constant, you must know a
few simple equations first:
The Equilibrium Constant: K
To determine the amount of each compound that
will be present at equilibrium you must know the
Equilibrium Constant. To determine the
equilibrium constant you must consider the
chemical reaction written in the form:
aA+bB⇌ cC+ dD
The equilibrium constant is defined as:
(𝒂𝑪)𝑪 (𝒂𝑫)𝒅
K=
(𝒂𝑨)𝒂 (𝒂𝑩)𝒃
The Equilibrium Constant: Kc
Using the chemical reaction given above, we can
rewrite the Equilibrium constant expression to reflect
concentration. The concentration is molarity, written
as moles per liter (M=mol/L).
(𝑪)𝑪 (𝑫)𝒅
Kc =
(𝑨)𝒂 (𝑩)𝒃
The products are in the numerator and those of the
reactants are in the denominator. The equation is a
function of the concentrations, the upper case letters
are the molar concentrations of the reactants and
products (A, B etc.). The lowercase letters are the
stoichiometric coefficients that balance the equation.
Note:

• If K is larger than 1, the mixture

contains mostly products.

• If K is less than 1, the mixture

contains mostly reactants.
Given the following reaction and the
concentrations of .5M for H2S and .2M for
HI, what is the value for Kc?

H2S(g)+I2(s)⇌2HI(g)+S(s)
 Le Châtelier’s Principle
• If a stress is applied to a system in
dynamic equilibrium, the system
changes to relieve the stress.
• System stresses:
oConcentration of reactants or products
oTemperature
oPressure
Effect of Concentration of Reactants

• Adding reactant shifts the reaction

toward the products. Why?
• Stress: Increasing reactants
• Relief: Decreasing reactants
• Shift: to the right (products)

H2O (l) + CO2 (g) H2CO3 (aq)

Effect of Concentration of Products
• Adding products shifts the reaction
toward the reactants. Why?
• Stress: Increasing products
• Relief: Decreasing products
• Shift: to the left (reactants)

H2O (l) + CO2 (g) H2CO3 (aq)

 Effect of Temperature
• Increasing the temperature causes the
equilibrium to shift in the direction
that absorbs heat.
Stress: Increase in Temp
• Relief: Decrease in Temp
• Shift: Towards the left

SO2 (g) + O2 (g) 2SO3 (g) + heat

 Effect of Pressure
• Affects gases only.
• For unequal number of moles of reactants
and products, if pressure is increased, the
equilibrium will shift to reduce the
number of particles.
• For equal number of moles of reactants
and products, no shift occurs.
2NO2 (g) N2O4 (g)
 Ex: Effect of Pressure

2NO2 (g) N2O4 (g)

Stress: increasing the pressure

Relief: decreasing the pressure
Shift: to the right (side of less molecules)
Example:
A closed container of N2O4 and NO2 at
equilibrium. The pressure is increased.

N2O4 (g) + Energy  2 NO2 (g)

The equilibrium of the system shifts to the

left to lower the pressure, because there
_______
are fewer moles of gas on that side of the
equation.
Answer;
A closed container of ice and water at equilibrium.
The temperature is raised.

Ice + Energy  Water

The equilibrium of the system shifts to the

right
_______ to use up the added energy.
In 1923, chemists Johannes Nicolaus
Brønsted and Thomas Martin Lowry
independently developed definitions of acids
and bases based on the compounds' abilities
to either donate or accept protons
(H+H+ ions). In this theory, acids are defined
as proton donors; whereas bases are defined
as proton acceptors. A compound that acts
as both a Brønsted-Lowry acid and base
together is called amphoteric.
BrØnsted-Lowry
Acids and Bases
 BrØnsted-Lowry Acids and Bases
According to the BrØnsted-Lowry theory,
• acids donate a proton (H+).
• bases accept a proton (H+).
 Acids and Bases
• Arrhenius theory – an acid which contains hydrogen and can
dissociate in water to produce positive hydrogen ions
e.g. HX +H2O ↔ H+ (H3O+) + X-
– A base reacts with a protonic acid to give water (and a salt)
e.g. HCl + NaOH  NaCl + H2O
• BrØnsted-Lowry Theory – acids are proton donors; bases are
proton acceptors
e.g. HCN + H2O ↔ H3O+ + CN-
HCN is an acid, in that it donates a proton to water. Water is
acting as a base, as it accepts that proton
• Lewis Theory – an acid accepts a pair of electrons; a base
donates a pair of electrons
e.g. HCl + NaOH  NaCl + H2O

• The strength of an acid depends on the extent to which is

dissociates and is measured by its dissociation constant
 Strong and weak acids and bases
• Strong acid – fully dissociates in water, i.e. almost every molecule
breaks up to form H+ ions
• Some strong acids are…HCl, H2SO4, HNO3

• Weak acid – partially dissociates in water

• Some weak acids are…carboxylic acids such as CH3COOH,
C2H5COOH

• Strong base – fully dissociates in water, i.e. almost every molecule

breaks up to form OH- ions
• Some strong bases are….NaOH, compounds which contain OH- ions
or O2- ions

• Weak base – partially dissociates in water

• Some weak bases…nitrogen-containing compounds, such as NH3

• Strengths can be determined by the acid or base dissociation

constant
 Acids
• Act as proton donors
• Electron pair acceptors
• Strong acids dissociate fully in water.
• Weak acids partially dissociate.

• Ka: acid dissociation constant

HA + H2O  H3O+ + A-
Ka = [H3O+][A-]
[HA]
• Higher Ka values mean stronger acids
Bases
• Act as proton acceptors
• Electron pair donors
• Strong bases dissociate fully in water
• Weak bases partially dissociate
• Kb: base dissociation constant
 pH and pOH
• [H3O+] can vary greatly  logarithmic scale used
• pH = -log [H3O+]
• pOH = -log [OH-]
• pH > 7 basic
• pH = 7 neutral
• pH < 7 acidic
• Can also express dissociation constants in terms of
logs: pKa = -log Ka
•  the higher the Ka the lower the pKa
• Similarly for bases
 ACID/BASE PROPERTIES OF WATER

Water is amphoteric, it acts as both and

acid and a base.
• Acid is a substance that donates a proton

Base is a substance that accepts a proton

• When with a base water acts like and acid

• When with an acid water acts like a base

• Water has the ability to autoionize

• One water molecule can donate a proton

to another water molecule

• Water ionizes for a very brief amount of

time and only 2 out of every 10^9
molecules are ionized
this process only occurs at
25c