RADIATIVE TRANSFER

BETWEEN TWO OR MORE

SURFACES

Prepared by
Nurhaslina che radzi
FKK, UITM
 RADIATIVE TRANSFER BETWEEN TWO OR
MORE SURFACES

• This chapter focus on radiative exchange between two or more

surfaces.
• This exchange depends strongly on the surface geometries and
orientations as well as on their radiative properties and
temperatures.
• To compute radiation exchange between any two surfaces, the
concept of a view factor must first introduce.
 VIEW FACTOR RELATIONS
• The view factor Fij is defined as the fraction of the radiation leaving surface i that is
intercepted by surface j
• For radiation exchange between two surfaces of areas Ai and Aj, the view factors are
related by reciprocity relation :
AiFij = AjFji

• An example might be the floor and ceiling of a room

A2 the view factor, F12 :
F12 = fraction of energy
leaving A1 reaching A2
A1
A1F12 = A2F21
• For an enclosure consisting of N surfaces, the view factor are related by summation
rule :
N
∑ Fij = 1
j=1

• For all radiant leaving the inner surface (1) must reach the outer surface (2), the view
factor are related by inspection:
F12 = 1
• For several common geometries, view factors may be determined using Table 13.1 and
13.2 and Figure 13.4 through 13.6.
 * concave surface, it see itself
Fii ≠ 0

* convex/plane surface
Fii = 0

• Consider a simple, two surfaces enclosure involving the spherical

surfaces
• To calculate radiation exchange in an enclosure of N surface a total
of N2 view factors is needed
N2 = 22 = 4 view factors
F11 , F12 , F21 , F22
A1

A2

• From figure, since all radiation leaving the inner surface (1) must
reach the outer surface (2), by inspection:
F12 = 1 or by summation rule F11 + F12 = 1 F11 = 0
F12 = 1
• From the reciprocity relation,
A1F12 = A2F21
F21 = A1 F12
A2
F21 = A1
A2
• From the summation rule,
F21 + F22 = 1
F22 = 1 – F21
= 1 – F21
= 1 – A1/A2
• Additive rule for view factor relation
n n n
Fij = ∑ Fik AjF(j)I = ∑ AkFki Aj = ∑ Ak
k=1 k=1 k=1
 Example - PROBLEM 13.1
Determine F12 and F21 for the following configurations using the
reciprocity theorem and other basic shape factor relations. Do not use
table or charts

a) Long duct (L)

b) Small sphere of area A1 under a concentric hemisphere of area A2 = 2A1

c) Long duct. What is F22 for this case?

d) Long inclined plates (point B is directly above the center of A1)

e) Sphere lying on infinite plane

f) Hemisphere – disk arrangement

g) Long open channel (L)

h) Long concentric cylinders (L)

D1
A1

D2 A2
 Radiation Exchange Between Opaque, Diffuse,
Gray Surfaces in an Enclosure

• Analyzing radiation exchange in an enclosure is assumed to be

isothermal and to be characterized by a uniform radiosity and a
uniform irradiation

Net radiation Exchange at a Surface

• The term qi , which is the net rate at which radiation leaves surface i,
represents the net effect of radiative interactions occuring at the
surface JiAi GiAi

qi
• The net radiation may be expressed as
qi = Ai (Ji – Gi) (1)
 Ji = Radiosity
= Ei + ρiGi

• The net radiation may also be expressed as

qi = Ai(Ei – αiGi) (2)
Ei = Emissive power
Gi = Absorbed irradiation

For an opaque surface , αi = 1 - ρi , αi = absorptivity

ρi = 1 - αi εi = emmisivity
= 1 - εi ρi = reflectivity

Ji = εiEbi + (1 – εi)Gi
qi = Ai Ji – Ji – εiEbi
1 - εi
qi = Ebi- Ji , Ebi – Ji = driving potential (3)
(1 – εi)/ εiAi (1 – εi) = surface radiative resistance
εi Ai
 for black surface , εi = 1
* (1 - εi ) = 0
εiAi
* Ji = Ebi blackbody radiation exchange

Radiation Exchange Between Surfaces

• To determine surface radiosity, Ji , it is necessary to consider

radiation exchange between the surfaces of the enclosure
• From reciprocity relation :
N
AiGi = ∑ AiFijJj
j=1 N
qi = Ai (Ji - ∑FijJj) (4)
j=1
• From theN summation rule,
N
qi = Ai (∑Fij Ji - ∑FijJj)
N j=1 j=1 N
qi = ∑ Ai Fij (Ji – Jj) = ∑qij (5)
j=1 j=1
Ji – Jj = driving potential
(Ai Fij )-1 = space/geometrical resistance
• Combining equations (3) and (5)
N
Ebi – Ji = ∑ Ji – Jj
j=1
(1 – ξi)/ ξiAi (AiFij)-1

N
qi = ∑ Ji – Jj
j=1
(AiFij)-1

Blackbody Radiation Exchange

• Equation (5) reduces to

N
qi = ∑ AiFij σ (Ti4 – Tj4)
j=1

• When all surfaces of the enclosure are black, there is no reflection

and radiosity is composed solely of the emitted energy
 BLACKBODY RADIATION EXCHANGE
• Consider radiation exchange between two black surfaces of arbitrary
shape nj
ni
Jj = Ebj

Ji = Ebi

A j , Tj
A i , Ti

• Defining qi j as the rate at which radiation leaves surfaces i and is

intercepted by surface j
qi j = (Ai Ji)Fij
for black surface , Ji = Ebi
qi j = AiFij Ebi
qj i = AjFji Ebj
• The net radiative exchange between the two surface is

qij = qi j - qj i
= AiFij Ebi - AjFji Ebj

from Stefan – Boltzman Law : Eb = σT4 and

from Reciprocity Relation : AiFij = AjFji

The net rate at which radiation leaves surface i and intercepted by

surface j may be defined as

qij = AiFij σ (Ti4 – Tj4)

 RPOBLEM 13.7

Consider the right-circular cylinder of diameter D, length L and

the areas A1 , A2 and A3 representing the base, inner and top
surfaces

a) Show that the view factor form F12= 2H[(1 + H2)1/2 – H] , where
H = L/D

b) Show that the view factor for the inner surface to itself has the
form F22 = 1 + H – (1 + H2)1/2
 PROBLEM 13.8

Consider the parallel rectangles shown schematically. Show that the

view factor F12 can be expressed as

F12 = 1 [A(14) F(14)(23) - A1F13 - A4F42]

2Ai

where all view factors on the right-hand side of the eqn. Can be
evaluated from Figure 13.4 (see Table 13.2) for aligned parallel
rectangles.
 PROBLEM 13.10

The reciprocity relation, the summation rule and Equations 13.5

to 13.7 can be used to develop view factor relations that allow for
applications of Figure 13.4 and/or Figure 13.6 to more complex
configurations. Consider the view factor F14 for surfaces 1 and 4 of
the following geometry. These surfaces are perpendicular but do
not share a common edge.

a) Obtain the following expression for the view factor F14 :

F14 = 1 [(A1+A2)F(12)(34) + A2F23 – (A1+A2)F(12)3 – A2F(2)(34)]

b) If L1 = L2 =L4 = w/2 and L3 = w , what is the value of F14

 PROBLEM 13.11

Determine the shape factor, F12 for the rectangles shown

a) Perpendicular rectangles without a common edge
b) Parallel rectangles of unequal areas

(x)
3m 6m

(z) 6m 2 4
Figure 13.6

3 1
(y) 6m
 PROBLEM 13.30

Two plane coaxial disks are separated by a distance L = 0.20m. The

lower disks (A1) is solid with a diameter Do = 0.80m and a temp. T1
= 300K. The upper disk (A2) at temp. T2 = 1000K has the same outer
diameter but is ring shaped withan inner diameter Di = 0.40m.
Assuming the disks to be blackbody, calculate the net radiative heat
exchange between them.