Total Station Instrument

UNIT 1
 D is ta n c e M e a s u re m e n t

D ire c t In d ire c t
(le n g th m e a s u re m e n t) (d is ta n c e m e a s u re m e n t)
e g m e a s u rin g ta p e

G e o m e tric a l E le c tro n ic
(O p tic a l) (W a v e P h y s ic s )
 Electronic Distance
Measurement (EDM)
Distance Measurement by Electronic
method.
Based on Hard-wired algorithm.
Relay on Generation, Propagation,
Reflection and subsequent Reception
of Electro-Magnetic Waves.
 Electromagnetic Energy
Electromagnetic energy or electromagnetic
radiation (EMR) is the energy propagated in
the form of an advancing interaction
between electric and magnetic fields.
EMR is a dynamic form of energy that
propagates as wave motion at a velocity of c
= 3 x 〖 10 〗 ^10 cm/sec.
The parameters that characterize a wave
motion are wavelength (λ), frequency (ν)
and velocity (c).
 Properties of Electromagnetic
Waves
Cycle
Frequency
Wavelength
Period
Velocity
Phase of wave
 Electromagnetic Energy
Cycle : When the wave moves through two
identical points on its path, it is said to have
completed one cycle.
Wavelength (λ): It is the length traversed in x-
direction by the wave when it is complete one
cycle.
Frequency (f) : The number of cycles completed
by the wave in one second is called frequency (f).
Period (T) : It is the time taken by the wave to
travel through one cycle a distance equal one wave
length.
 Electromagnetic Energy
Velocity (v) : Velocity of a wave is a
distance travelled by one second.
Phase of wave: It is the length
traversed in x-direction by the wave
when it is complete one cycle.
 Electronic Angle Measurement
Combined the function of theodolite &
EDM – TOTAL STATION.

EDM Equipment classification

On basis of range of operation
On the basis of carrier wave Used
EDM Equipment classification
EDM Equipment classification
 Principles of EDM
Operation:
A wave is transmitted and the returning wave is measured to find the
distance traveled.
Basic Function
 Basic Principles of EDM
Distance from measurement of transit
time.
Measurement of distance from phase
difference.
 Measurement of Distance by
Transit Time

The time taken to travel from one point

(transmitter) to another point (receiver)
is called TRANSIT TIME.
Distance (D)= Velocity(V)*(time)

TRANSMITTER. RECEIVER
 Measurement of Distance by
Transit Time

For distance of 1 km, the transit time is

3 x 10-6 Sec.
The signal is sometimes reflected at B
by a reflector back to A.

Distance=
 Measurement of Distance from
Phase Difference
The phase difference is equal to the difference of the phase
angle of the reflected signal and the phase angle of
transmitted signal.
∆Φ = Φ2 - Φ1
Where
∆Φ = phase difference
Φ1= phase angle of transmitted signal
Φ2= phase angle of the reflected signal

The phase difference is usually expressed as fraction of the

wavelength (λ).

∆Φ 0˚ 90˚ 180˚ 270˚ 360˚

Lengths 0 λ/4 λ/2 3λ/4 λ
 Measurement of Distance from
Phase Difference
Time is too short- difficult to measure
Phase Difference method is Used.
TRANSMITTER. RECEIVER

λ λ λ λ λ λ

D’ = 3 λ + λ/4.....(2)
D = 3 λ + λ/4.......(1)
By adding Equation (1) and (2)
2D = 6 λ + λ/2
 Measurement of Distance from
Phase Difference
In general
 
D = λ + ∆λ]
2D = n λ + ∆λ or
Where
D = distance between A and B
n = number of whole waves travelled by the
wave from A to B and back from B to A’.
λ= wave length.
∆λ = fraction of wave length travelled by
the wave from A to B and back from B to A’.
 Measurement of Distance from
Phase Difference
The
   value of ∆λ is depends upon the phase difference of
the wave transmitted and that received back.
It is found by means of an electrical phase detector
which is built in unit at A.
It senses and measures the phase angle of the EMW as it
is transmitted from A and received back at A.

∆λ= (x λ

Hence
 
D = n λ + (λ]