Categories of Tissues

Animal Tissues

Jenna Hellack Jan 2001

 Categories of Tissues

Categories of Tissues
Epithelium (wrapper)
Connective (cement glue)
Muscle (moving strings)
Nervous (wires)

Jenna Hellack Jan 2001

 Categories of Tissues

Epithelium (wrapper tissue)

Lines, wraps, covers, and protects other
tissues and organs.
Characterized by:
Cells tightly junked together
The presence of a cell secretion called the
basement membrane.
Named by:
Cell shape
Other characteristics of the cells.
Squamous, Cuboidal, and Columnar
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 Categories of Tissues

Squamous Epithelium
Cells very thin, much wider than they are
thick.
Simple Squamous Epithelium
 Air sacs of respiratory
 Lining of blood vessels, heart and lymphatic tubes
Stratified Squamous Epithelium
 Skin
 Vagina
 Esophagus
 Mouth

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 Categories of Tissues

Simple Epithelium

 Simple squamous
 Single layer of flat
cells (very thin
and very soft)
 Lines lungs
(allows
diffusion of
gases b/w air
and blood)
Figure 3.17a

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 Categories of Tissues

Examples of Simple Squamous

Epithelium

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Stratified Epithelium
 Stratified squamous
 Cells at the free
surface are flat
 A protective
covering where
friction is common
 Locations
 Skin, Mouth

Figure 3.17e

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Categories of Tissues
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Nucleus

Transitional epithelial

Connective tissue

Basement membrane Stratified squamous cells

 Categories of Tissues

Stratified Squamous Epithelium

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 Categories of Tissues

Transitional Epithelium
Type of stratified
epithelium in which
the surface cells
change shape from
round to squamous.
E.g----urinary bladder
(empty—round, fill
flat)
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Cuboidal Epithelium
 Cells cube shaped- secretion and
absorption.
Kidney tubules
Duct and small glands
Surface of ovary

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 Categories of Tissues

Simple Epithelium
 Simple cuboidal
 Single layer of cube-
like cells
 Thyroid gland ---
secretion of thyroxin
 Salivary---secretion
of saliva
 Walls of kidney
tubules---have
microvilli;
reabsorption of
useful materials
back to the blood Figure 3.17b

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Categories of Tissues
 Categories of Tissues

Simple cuboidal
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Columnar Epithelium
Elongated cells, much longer than they are
wide.
Simple Columnar Epithelium
 A single layer of cells that line the digestive tract,
gallbladder and excretory ducts of some glands. Has
microvilli at surface for absorption.
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
 Lines the bronchi, trachea, uterine tubes and some of
the uterus. Propels mucus or reproductive cells by
ciliary action.

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 Categories of Tissues

Simple Epithelium

 Simple columnar
 Single layer of tall
cells
 goblet cells
(lining of
intestines/respirat
ory tract) produce
mucus
 Lines digestive Figure 3.17c

tract
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Categories of Tissues
 Categories of Tissues

Goblet cells
Simple columnar
Nucleus
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Simple Columnar epithelium

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Simple Epithelium
 Pseudostratified(cil
iated epithelium)
 Single layer, but
some cells are
short, some tall.
 Often has
cilia(sweep
mucus).
 Respiratory tract
Figure 3.17d

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 Categories of Tissues

Pseudostratified Ciliated
Columnar Epithelium

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Connective Tissue

(Biological Cement Mixture)

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Connective Tissue Characteristics

 most abundant tissue type in body
 All derived from embryonic mesenchyme cells
 3 basic parts –
cells,  gravel
matrix ground substance,  cement and H2O
Fibers  sand
 does not occur on free surfaces
 has a nerve supply - except for cartilage
 highly vascular - except for cartilage, tendons and
ligaments
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 Categories of Tissues

 Ground substance – matrix = water, adhesion proteins &

polysaccahrides; acts as a glue. Absorbs water which affects
consistency form fluid to semisolid to rockhard
 Cells – embedded themselves in the matrix
 Fiber proteins – collagen and elastin
 Function – protects organs by serving as a packing material around
them; bears weight, withstands stretching and abrasions.
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Connective Tissue
 Characterized by the cells widely separated from
each other in a matrix that is produced by the
cells.
 All derived from embryonic mesenchyme cells
 Tissue protects and supports.
 Cell Matrix composed of two regions
Ground
 Liquid (sol), Gel, Gum or solid
Fibers
 Non-elastic (= white or Collagen)
 Elastic (= yellow fibers)

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 Categories of Tissues

Types of Connective Tissue

Loose (Areolar) Connective Tissue
Dense Connective Tissue
Adipose
Cartilage
Bone
Blood

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 Categories of Tissues

Loose Connective Tissue

(Areolar)
 Gel like ground with both elastic and non-elastic
fibers running though the ground in many
directions.
Wraps and cushions organs
Found under the skin

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 Categories of Tissues

Connective Tissue  Dense connective

Types tissue
 Nuclei and fibers are
arranged in parallel
 Fibers mostly made of
collagen
 White fiber = non-elastic
 Yellow fiber = elastic
 Fibroblast type of cells
 Examples
 Tendons – attach
muscle to bone
 Ligaments – attach
bone to bone
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Adipose (Fat)
 Function as storage cells for adipose (lipids)
 Adipose cells contain a large vacuole which in
the live cell contains lipids.
 Cell nucleus and cytoplasm are pushed out to
edge of cell membrane.

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 Categories of Tissues

Connective Tissue Types

 Adipose tissue
 Stores fat
 Functions
 Insulates body
 Protects organs
 Energy storage

Figure 3.18f

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 Categories of Tissues

Cartilage
 Ground of matrix is gum like.
 Cells are found in Lacunae within the matrix.
 Fibers may be elastic or non-elastic, or a form of non-
elastic called reticular(where the non-elastic fibers of
very thin)
Hyaline Cartilage-example on the ends of bones
Elastic Cartilage- example ear cartilage
Non-elastic Cartilage- example nose cartilage.
Elastic cartilage  contains significant yellow fibers

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Connective Tissue Types

 Hyaline cartilage
(non-elastic)
 Most common
cartilage
 Rubbery Matrix
matrix(chondrocyte
s ---within the
cartilage.
 Found in
nose,tracheal rings,
b/w vertebrae of
spine ribs
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 Categories of Tissues

Elastic Cartilage

 Contains significant
yellow fibers
 Presents in external
ears of mammals and
in the Eustachian
tubes

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 Categories of Tissues

Connective Tissue Types

 Bone (osseous tissue)
 Bone cells in lacunae
(cavities)
 Bone cell is called
osteocytes
 Hard matrix of calcium salts
 Blood vessels are in very
precise arrangements called
haversian system.
 Thin layers of ring around
are called lacunae
Harvesian
canal
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Vascular Tissue (Blood)

 Liquid matrix = plasma
90% water
10%Plasma proteins, electrolytes, hormones, oxygen, glucose
etc.
 Formed elements formed in the red marrow of bones
Erythrocytes (RBC) -48billion(female) to 54 billion (male) cell /
ml of blood in humans. Mammals are enucleated while rest of
the vertebrates have nuclei
Leukocytes (WBC) -about 7.5 million / ml of blood
 Neutrophils  active phagocytes
 Lymphocytes  involved in immune response
 Monocytes  phagocytes in tissues outside of circulatory system
 Eosinophils & basophils  functions poorly understood
Platelets -blood clotting

Jenna Hellack Jan 2001

 Categories of Tissues

Blood
 Blood cells
surrounded by fluid
matrix
 Transports materials

Figure 3.18h
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Muscle Tissue

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 Categories of Tissues

Muscle Tissue
 Tissue with cells having fibers specialized for contraction.
 Myofibrils  fibers in muscle cells capable of contraction
 Sarcolemma  the plasma membrane of muscle cell
Skeletal Muscle (Striated, voluntary)
 Parallel elongated muscle cells (also called muscle fibers)
 Has alternate dark (A-band) and light crossbands (I-band)
 multinucleated and each cell is the length of the muscle.
 Light meat, Dark meat—Slow twitch, fast twitch muscle
Smooth Muscle (Visceral, unstriated, involuntary)
 Cells are long and tapered. Each cell contains one nucleus
 Organized into sheets of muscle. Slow and prolonged contraction
 Found in walls of digestive tract, blood vessels, respiratory passage, urinary
Cardiac Muscle (Striated, involuntary)
 Intercalated disc
 branched
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Smooth

Types of
Muscle
tissues
Skeletal

Cardiac

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Muscle tissues

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Nerve Tissue

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Nervous Tissue
Cells specialized to polarize and depolarize.
Neuron  Cell of nerve tissue
Has large cell body and extensions, dentrites (“hairs
of the cell body”) and axons (“tail of the cell body”)
Dentrites  carry impulses to the cell body
Axons  carry impulses away from the cell body
Either sheathed or not
Schwann cell  cell wrapped around nerve cell to
sheathe the nerve with thick lipid myelin substance
Neurolemma  plasma membrane of nerve cell
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Jenna Hellack Jan 2001

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Nerve cell

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End of Tissue presentation

Jenna Hellack Jan 2001