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The Integumentary system
The Integument
The Integumentary System ( the
integument) or simply the skin system is
one of the largest and heaviest organ
systems of the human body. The skin
covers the outer surface of the body and
is continuous with the mucous membranes
found insides the eyelids, nostrils, and
other openings of the human body.
The Integument (skin)
hair,
nails,
sebaceous and
sweat glands
The skin and its appendages
make up a very complex set of organs that
accomplishes several functions for the human
body, namely:
1. Protection for internal organs from the outside
environment,
2. Protection from the loss of internal fluids or
dehydration,
3. Maintenanc of homeostasis, interms of body
overall temperature regulation,
The skin and its appendages….
4. Excretion of some waste products via
the sebaceous and sweat glands,
5. Maintenance of the sites for reception
of external cutaneous sensations,
6. Serves as a blood reservoir, and finally,
7. The skin does some metabolic
functions.
The Skin
The skin layers:
Epidermis – specialized epithelium, derived from
the ectoderm.
Dermis ( corium) – characteristics:
vascular dense connective tissue
from the mesoderm.
Corresponds to the Lamina propria of the mucous
membrane.
Connected to the underlying hypodermis by connective
tissue fibers .
Hypodermis – lower layer, not part of the skin.
The skin…..
2. Stratum Spinosum
The cells that divide in the statum germinativum soon begin to
accumulate many desmosomes on their outer surface which provide
the characteristic “prickles” of the stratum spinosum (SS), which is
often called the prickle-cell layer.
Composed of irregular, polyhedral cells, separate and flattened at
the surface.
Cytoplasm is basophilic, intercellular b ridges with short process to
adjacent cells
MALPHIGIAN layer = stra. Germinativum & stra. Spinosum:
a. responsible for proliferation & initiation of keratinization process.
b. contains Melanocytesmelanin, for pigmentation.
c. with scattered langerhans and Merkel cells.
Epidermis of the palms and sole
3. Stratum granulosum
The progressive maturation of a keratinocyte is
charcterized by the accumulation of keratin, called
keratinization. The cells of the stratum granulosum
(SGR) accumulae dense basophilic keratohyalin granules
(seen on the close-up view). These granules contain
lipids, which along with the desmosomal connections,
help to form a waterproof barrier that functions to
prevent fluid loss from the body- keratinosomes.
Consists of 3 to 5 layers of flattened cells whose long
axis is parallel to the skin surface, contains Keratohyalin
granules, cells become pale, eventually dies.
Epidermis of the palms and sole
4. Stratum Lucidum
Epidermis varies in thickness throughout the body
depending mainly on frictional forces and is thickest on
the palms of the hands and soles of the feet. The
stratum lucidum is normally only well seen in thick
epidermis and represents a transition from the stratum
granulosum to the stratum corneum.
Clear translucent layer 3 – 5 cell layers, flattened and
closely packed, nuclei are indistinct or absent. Cytoplasm
has keratohyalin and distributed among the tonofibrils.
Epidermis of the palms and sole
5. Stratum Corneum
As a cell accumulates keratinohyalin granules, it is
thought that rupture of lysosomal membranes release
lysosomal enzymes that eventually cause cell death. The
dead and dying cells filled with mature keratin form the
stratum corneum (SC). The deeper cells of the stratum
corneum retain their desmosomal junctions, but as they
are pushed to the surface by newly forming cells of the
stratum germinativum (SG), the dead cells gradually
break apart and are lost, a process called desquamation.
Epidermis of the palms and sole
Stratum Corneum
Nucleus is absent, cytoplasm is replaced
with Keratin from the tonofibrils and
deeper epidermal layer ( soft keratin) low
in sulfur content.
Stains pink in Eosin and often shredded
during preparation.
Stratum disjunctum = most superficial
layer , with flat horny plates and
desquamated constantly.
Pigmentation of skin:
Carotene = yellow color.
Blood = reddish hue.
melanin pigments = shades of brown
melanin = produced by melanocytes within
the melanosomes
melanocytes
between keratinocytes of stra. Germinativum
and spinosum
within hair follicles
dermal connective tissue.
Pigmentation of skin…..
Tyrosinase ( enzyme from the ribosomes)
transferred to endoplasmic reticulum Golgi
zone packaged into vesicles fused into
premelanosomes mature into 4 stages with
melanin packed melanosomes transferred to
keratinocytes of stra. Germinativum and
spinosum via phagocytosis of melanosome
containing processes of melanocytes
pigments are injected into the keratinocytes.
Pigmentation of skin…..
Nails
Horny plates of epidermis that forms a protective covering on the dorsal
plates of the terminal phalanges, do not desquamate. The body is
translucent, pink color due to vascularity in the nail bed. The root is more
opaque and becomes continuous with the body of the nail.
3rd month, the begin to form as nail groove differentiate into soft
matrix nail plates advance into the dorsal surface of the digits top form
nail beds. It lacks sweat glands and hair follicles.
Hyponychium = thickened epidermis at the junction of stra. Corneum.
Lonule = a crescentric margin at the nail bed.
Nail groove is lined by modified epidermis
Eponychium = cuticle, extension of the stra. Corneum from nail bed to free
surface of the nail plate.
Growth rates is 0.5 mm per week
Faster growth in the fingernail than in toenails.
Hair Follicle
Hair Follicles
elastic keratinized threads that developed from the epidermis.
Distributed thru out the entire skin surface except:
palms
sole
dorsal surface of distal phalanges
anal apperture
urogenital apperture
has shaft and root embedded in the skin
hair follicle consists of epidermal and dermal tissues
Hair Follicle
Structure =
dermal root sheath derive from external connective
sheath.
With 3 layers:
outer poorly defined, coarse bundle of collagen fibers
( corresponds to reticular layer)
midlayer = thicker, corresponds to papillary layer, cellular
and with fine connective tissue layer.
Inner layer, glassy membrane, corresponds to basal lamina,
consists of amorphous ground substance.
Hair Follicle
Vascularity
= rete cutaneum , around the junction
zone between the dermis and the
hypodermis rete subpapillare ( network
between papillary and reticular layer)
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