Chapter 8:

Data Communication
Fundamentals
Business Data Communications, 4e
 uhree Components of Data
Communication

` Data
` Analog: Continuous value data (sound, light, temperature)
` Digital: Discrete value (text, integers, symbols)
` Signal
` Analog: Continuously varying electromagnetic wave
` Digital: Series of voltage pulses (square wave)
` uransmission
` Analog: Works the same for analog or digital signals
` Digital: Used only with digital signals
 Analog Data-->Signal Options

` Analog data to analog signal

` Inexpensive, easy conversion (eg telephone)
` Data may be shifted to a different part of the
available spectrum (multiplexing)
` Used in traditional analog telephony
` Analog data to digital signal
` Requires a codec (encoder/decoder)
` Allows use of digital telephony, voice mail
 Digital Data-->Signal Options

` Digital data to analog signal

` Requires modem (modulator/demodulator)
` Allows use of PSu to send data
` ecessary when analog transmission is used
` Digital data to digital signal
` Requires CSU/DSU (channel service unit/data service unit)
` Less expensive when large amounts of data are involved
` More reliable because no conversion is involved
 uransmission
` Analog transmission
Choices
` only transmits analog signals, without regard for data
content
` attenuation overcome with amplifiers
` signal is not evaluated or regenerated
` Digital transmission
` transmits analog or digital signals
` uses repeaters rather than amplifiers
` switching equipment evaluates and regenerates signal
Data, Signal, and uransmission
Matrix

A
Data
D
D
A Transmission
System
A D
Signal
 Advantages of Digital
uransmission
` uhe signal is exact
` Signals can be checked for errors
` oise/interference are easily filtered out
` A variety of services can be offered over one
line
` Higher bandwidth is possible with data
compression
 Why Use Analog uransmission?
` Already in place
` Significantly less expensive
` Lower attentuation rates
` Fully sufficient for transmission of voice
signals
 Analog Encoding
` Data encoding
of and decoding
Digital technique to
Data
represent data using the properties of analog
waves
` Modulation: the conversion of digital signals
to analog form
` Demodulation: the conversion of analog data
signals back to digital form
 Modem
` An acronym for modulator-demodulator
` Uses a constant-frequency signal known as a
carrier signal
` Converts a series of binary voltage pulses into
an analog signal by modulating the carrier
signal
` uhe receiving modem translates the analog
signal back into digital data
 Methods of Modulation
` Amplitude modulation (AM) or amplitude
shift keying (ASK)
` Frequency modulation (FM) or frequency
shift keying (FSK)
` Phase modulation or phase shift keying (PSK)
 Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK)
` In radio transmission, known as amplitude
modulation (AM)
` uhe amplitude (or height) of the sine wave
varies to transmit the ones and zeros
` Major disadvantage is that telephone lines are
very susceptible to variations in transmission
quality that can affect amplitude
 ASK Illustration

v v
 Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)
` In radio transmission, known as frequency
modulation (FM)
` Frequency of the carrier wave varies in
accordance with the signal to be sent
` Signal transmitted at constant amplitude
` More resistant to noise than ASK
` Less attractive because it requires more
analog bandwidth than ASK
 FSK Illustration

v v v
 Phase Shift Keying (PSK)
` Also known as phase modulation (PM)
` Frequency and amplitude of the carrier signal
are kept constant
` uhe carrier signal is shifted in phase according
to the input data stream
` Each phase can have a constant value, or value
can be based on whether or not phase changes
(differential keying)
PSK Illustration

v v
Differential Phase Shift Keying
(DPSK)

v v
Analog Channel Capacity: BPS vs.
` Baud=# of signal changes per second
` BPS=bits per second
Baud
` In early modems |
, baud=BPS
` Each signal change can represent more than one bit,
through complex modulation of amplitude,
frequency, and/or phase
` Increases information-carrying capacity of a channel
without increasing bandwidth
` Increased combinations also leads to increased
likelihood of errors
±oice Grade Modems
Cable Modems
DSL Modems
 Digital Encoding
of Analog Data
` Primarily used in retransmission devices
` uhe sampling theorem: If a signal is sampled
at regular intervals of time and at a rate higher
than twice the significant signal frequency,
the samples contain all the information of the
original signal.
` 8000 samples/sec sufficient for 4000hz
 Converting Samples to Bits
` Quantizing
` Similar concept to pixelization
` Breaks wave into pieces, assigns a value in a
particular range
` 8-bit range allows for 256 possible sample
levels
` More bits means greater detail, fewer bits
means less detail
 Codec
` Coder/Decoder
` Converts analog signals into a digital form
and converts it back to analog signals
` Where do we find codecs?
` Sound cards
` Scanners
` ±oice mail
` ±ideo capture/conferencing
 Digital Encoding
of Digital Data
` Most common, easiest method is different
voltage levels for the two binary digits
` uypically, negative=1 and positive=0
` Known as RZ-L, or nonreturn-to-zero level,
because signal never returns to zero, and the
voltage during a bit transmission is level
 Differential RZ
` Differential version is RZI ( RZ, invert on
ones)
` Change=1, no change=0
` Advantage of differential encoding is that it is
more reliable to detect a change in polarity
than it is to accurately detect a specific level
 Problems With RZ
` Difficult to determine where one bit ends and
the next begins
` In RZ-L, long strings of ones and zeroes
would appear as constant voltage pulses
` uiming is critical, because any drift results in
lack of synchronization and incorrect bit
values being transmitted
 Biphase Alternatives to RZ

` Require at least one transition per bit time,

and may even have two
` Modulation rate is greater, so bandwidth
requirements are higher
` Advantages
` Synchronization due to predictable transitions
` Error detection based on absence of a transition
 Manchester Code
` uransition in the middle of each bit period
` uransition provides clocking and data
` Low-to-high=1 , high-to-low=0
` Used in Ethernet
 Differential Manchester
` Midbit transition is only for clocking
` uransition at beginning of bit period=0
` uransition absent at beginning=1
` Has added advantage of differential encoding
` Used in token-ring
Digital Encoding Illustration
 Digital Interfaces
` uhe point at which one device connects to
another
` Standards define what signals are sent, and
how
` Some standards also define physical
connector to be used
Generic Communications
Interface Illustration
 DuE and DCE
DTE interface interface DTE

modem modem

host computer DCE

terminal
 RS-232C (EIA 232C)
` EIA¶s ³Recommended Standard´ (RS)
` Specifies mechanical, electrical, functional,
and procedural aspects of the interface
` Used for connections between DuEs and
voice-grade modems, and many other
applications
 EIA-232-D
` new version of RS-232-C adopted in 1987
` improvements in grounding shield, test and
loop-back signals
` the prevalence of RS-232-C in use made it
difficult for EIA-232-D to enter into the
marketplace
 RS-449
` EIA standard improving on capabilities of
RS-232-C
` provides for 37-pin connection, cable lengths
up to 200 feet, and data rates up to 2 million
bps
` covers functional/procedural portions of R-
232-C
` electrical/mechanical specs covered by RS-422 &
RS-423
 Functional Specifications
` Specifies the role of the individual circuits
` Data circuits in both directions allow full-
duplex communication
` uiming signals allow for synchronous
transmission (although asynchronous
transmission is more common)
 Procedural Specifications
` Multiple procedures are specified
` Simple example: exchange of asynchronous
data on private line
` Provides means of attachment between computer
and modem
` Specifies method of transmitting asynchronous
data between devices
` Specifies method of cooperation for exchange of
data between devices
 Mechanical Specifications
` 25-pin connector with a specific arrangement
of leads
` DuE devices usually have male DB25
connectors while DCE devices have female
` In practice, fewer than 25 wires are generally
used in applications
RS-232 DB-25 Connectors

DB-25 Female

DB-25 Male
RS-232 DB-25 Pinouts
 RS-232 DB-9 Connectors
` Limited RS-232
 RS-422 DI -8
` Found on Macs


 M l 
 F l
 Electrical Specifications
` Specifies signaling between DuE and DCE
` Uses RZ-L encoding
` ±oltage < -3± = binary 1
` ±oltage > +3± = binary 0
` Rated for <20Kbps and <15M
` greater distances and rates are theoretically
possible, but not necessarily wise
 RS-232 Signals (Asynch)
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