THREE PHASE LINE

BAHAN  Dua bahan yang sering digunakan adalah :

i. Aluminium
PENGALIR & ii. Kuprum

PEMBINAAN
 TYPES ALUMINIUM COPPER
Electrical conductivity 0.585 0.975
Specific gravity 2.71 8.89
Elastic limit 70 75
Resistance of Soft 27.75 Ω 16.92Ω
conductor 1km long Hard 28.72 Ω 17.34Ω
Wt. per km, 1 sq. mm 8.144N 27.07N
PERBEZAAN cross-section

Ratio of conductivities 0.6 1.0

for equal area
Ratio of areas for equal 1.66 1.0
resistance
Ratio of diameters for 1.29 1.0
equal resistance
Ratio of weight for 1.0 3.3
equal area
  Pengalir yang baik.
 Ringan
ALUMINIUM  Sesuai untuk jangka masa panjang.
  Increase in resistance may be caused by ‘skin effect’.
 When conductor carrying a steady direct current this current will
distribute itself uniformly.
 Loses are proportional to I(2) the effect is to produce greater
RESISTANCE copper loss for a given current.
 Skin effect increases with permeability and conductor cross-
section, also frequency.
 Frequencies of 50Hz the increases in resistance is negligible for
solid conductors upto about 10mm diameters.
INDUCTANCE
OF
TRANSMISSION
LINES
  Exist between any two overhead line conductors.
 Uniformly distributed over the total length of the line and may be
regarded as a uniform series of condensers connected between
the conductors.
 Capacitance of three phase line :
i. Convenient to consider the capacitance of each conductor
CAPACITANCE instead of capacitance from conductor to conductor.
ii. If conductors symmetrically spaced, the capacitance of each
phase is identical.
iii. Conductors are irregular spaced, the capacitance is different in
the three phases and transposition of conductors are generally
done to make the capacitance symmetrical.
Current/voltage
phasor diagram
of a loseless line
in the no-load
state
The phasor diagram shows that in this operating
state, the voltage at the line’s end is higher than
the voltage at the line’s start.
When transmission line is carrying current, there is a
voltage drop across the impedance of the line.
 Due to this voltage drop, normally receiving end voltage is less
than the sending end voltage.
 There is one exception where receiving end voltage is more than
the sending end voltage. That exception is Ferranti Effect.

 Voltage drop = Receiving end voltage at no load – Receiving end

voltage at full load
= (Vs – VR)
 Real transmission line has an active resistance.(for transmission
losses)
 Transmission efficiency:
 The ratio between the active power at the system’s output and
input.

 Reactive power compensation:

 An option for minimizing transmission losses.

 A three pole short circuit, the load resistance R=O. (The current
then flowing is limited by the line impedance. The line inductance
results in lossless transmission).
Current/voltag
e phasor  The resistive/inductive
diagram of loads susch as those
occurring most
lossless line in frequently during real-life
operation.
the event of  A low-loss line is
short circuit at assumed.
the line’s end