Chapter 5

FUNDAMENTALS OF MULTIMEDIA

5.1 Introduction to Multimedia

5.2 Mode of Multimedia Interactivity
5.3 Multimedia Software
5.4 Medium of Distribution

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 5.1 Introduction to Multimedia
Learning Outcomes:
• At the end of this lesson, students should be
able to:
– define multimedia
– describe the elements of multimedia
– state the applications of multimedia

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 Definition of Multimedia
• Multimedia is any combination of text,
graphics, animation, video, and audio
delivered to you by computer.
• Multimedia is the use of several media such as
text, graphics, animation, video, and audio to
convey information.
• Multimedia refers to a computer based
interactive communication process that
incorporates text, graphics, animation, video,
and audio.
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 Example of Multimedia product
• Games
• Interactive Web sites
• Demo disks and guided tours
• Presentations
• Kiosk applications
• Interactive training
• Simulations, prototypes, and technical
visualizations

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 Elements of Multimedia
• Multimedia consists of two or more of these
elements:
–Text
–Animation
–Graphic
–Audio
–Video
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 Elements of Multimedia : Text
• Definition
– Text is a combination of alphabets, numbers and
symbols.
– Basic element of multimedia.
– Involves the use of text types, sizes and colours.

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 Elements of Multimedia : Text
• Usage
– Titles and Headlines
– Menu
– Link (Hypertext)
– Narrative or Contents

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 Elements of Multimedia : Text
• Purpose
– To deliver information such as price list.
– To explain concept and idea such as a process of
doing something.
– To clarify other media such as a caption to a
graphic.
– To serve as a link to another pages.

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 Elements of Multimedia : Text
• Types
– Serif
• A serif fonts have the decoration at the end of a letter
stroke.
• Used for body text.
• Eg: Times New Roman
– Sans Serif
• Sans serif fonts do not have decoration at the end of a
letter stroke.
• Used for headlines and bold statements.
• Eg: Arial
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Elements of Multimedia : Text

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Elements of Multimedia : Graphic
• Definition
– Graphics is a digital representation of images such
as charts and digital photo.

• Purpose
– To make multimedia application more attractive.
– To illustrate ideas.
– To convey information faster and easier.
– To serve as a link.

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Elements of Multimedia : Graphic
• Examples
– Charts and graphs
– Photographs or Pictures
– Drawings or Line arts
– Clip arts
– Buttons and banner
– Backgrounds
– Icons

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Elements of Multimedia : Graphic
• Types
– Bitmap
• Real images that can be captured from devices such as
digital cameras or scanners.
– Vector
• Flat pictures that use geometrical formulas to represent
images.

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 Types of Graphic : Bitmap
• Characteristics
– A bitmap is a simple matrix of the tiny dots that form
an image & are displayed on a computer screen or
printed.
– Drawn on the computer using an array of dots, called
pixels.
– Original images are captured via digital devices.
– Bigger file size and consume more memory space.
– Resolution dependent: scaling-up will diminish quality.
– Common bitmap formats are BMP, GIF and JPEG.
– Difficult to convert to a vector format.

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 Types of Graphic : Bitmap
• Usage
– Used for photo-realistic images
– Used for complex drawings requiring fine detail.
– Commonly used on the web and displayable by
most applications.

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 Types of Graphic : Vector
• Characteristics
– A vector is a line that is described by the location of its
two endpoints.
– Drawn on the computer using geometrical
coordinates such as points and lines.
– Ideal for drawing a blueprint.
– Smaller file size and use less memory space.
– Resolution independent: scaling-up is easy with no
loss in quality.
– Common vector formats are DXF and EPS.
– Easily and often converted to a bitmap format.

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 Types of Graphic : Vector
• Usage
– Computer-aided design (CAD) programs
– Graphics artists designing for the print media
– 3-D animation programs
– Applications requiring drawing of graphic shapes

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Types of Graphic : Bitmap & Vector

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Elements of Multimedia: Animation
• Definition
– Animation is the rapid display of a sequence of
images of artwork or model positions or frames in
order to create an illusion of movement.
– A process of making a static image look like it is
moving.

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Elements of Multimedia : Animation
• Purpose
– To convey information, add visual interest, or draw
attention to important information in multimedia
application.
– To serve as a learning aid by illustrating proper
techniques, or explaining complex procedures.

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Elements of Multimedia : Animation
• Types
– 2D animation
– 3D animation

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 Types of Animation : 2D Animation
• Definition
– Creating movements to 2D images which are
plotted along two axis, X-axis and Y-axis.
• Characteristics
– Flat animation, all actions happen in the x-y axes.
– The 2D animation is created by drawing almost
every frame.
– Examples of 2D animated movie : Aladdin, The
Little Mermaid and Doraemon.

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 Types of Animation : 3D Animation
• Definition
– Creating movements to 3D models on three axis,
X-axis, Y-axis and Z-axis.
• Characteristics
– All actions happen in the x,y and z axes.
– In 3D , the animation is created by changing the
poses and the placement of already created 3d
models.
– Examples of 3D animated movie : Toy Story,
Despicable Me and Boboiboy.
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 Elements of Multimedia : Video
• Definition
– Video is a product of recording moving images by
using a video camera.
– A sequence of still images representing scenes in
motion.

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 Elements of Multimedia : Video
• Purpose
– To present a message effectively.
– To reinforce a story.
– To help viewers retain more of what they see.

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 Elements of Multimedia : Video
• Types
– Analog
• Video is recorded onto magnetic tapes.
• Video frames are interlaced.

– Digital
• The output is digitized by the camera into a
sequence of single frames.
• The video and audio data are compressed before
being written to a tape or digitally stored.

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 Elements of Multimedia : Audio
• Definition
– Audio is use of speech, music and sound effects.

• Usage
– Background music
– Sound effect
– Voice over / narration
– Warning / reminders

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 Elements of Multimedia : Audio
• Purpose
– To capture attention.
– To enhance the experience and increases user's
understanding and enjoyment.
– To make the presentation more exciting.

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 Elements of Multimedia : Audio
• Types
– Analog audio
• Refers to the original sound signal

– Digital audio
• Refers to the digital sampling of the actual sound

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 Applications to Multimedia
• Multimedia is used widely in these fields:
– Business
– Education
– Entertainment
– Public Places

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 Applications of Multimedia in
Business
• Applications
– Training Presentations
– Marketing Presentations
– Advertisements
– Product demos
– Internet/online banking
– Online marketing

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 Applications of Multimedia in
Education
• Applications
– Web-based learning
– Courseware CD

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 Applications of Multimedia in
Entertainment
• Applications
– Movies
– Games
– Interactive TV
– Animated Movies

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 Applications of Multimedia in
Public Places
• Applications
– Information Kiosks
– Digital Advertisement Boards

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 SUMMARY
• Definition of multimedia
• Elements of multimedia
• Applications of multimedia

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 5.2 Mode of
Multimedia Interactivity

Learning Outcomes:
• At the end of this lesson, students should be
able to:
– differentiate between modes of interactivity.

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 Multimedia Interactivity
• Definition
– Interactivity refers to the way users interact with a
multimedia application or program.
– User may interact using input devices such as
keyboard, joystick, mouse and touch screen.

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 Multimedia Interactivity
• Interactivity involves two-way communication
• Interactivity allows the users to:
– make choices about the content viewed
– select answers to questions
– enter data
– tailor the presentation to their own needs

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 Multimedia Interactivity
• Software is interactive if:
– It reacts in a way in which is varied and adaptable.
– It enables the user to affect the way in which the
software proceeds.

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 Multimedia Interactivity
• Modes of Multimedia Interactivity
– Linear
– Non-linear

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Modes of Multimedia Interactivity:
Linear
• Characteristics
– The mode of interactivity that does not allow
users to control of the sequence and progress of
the multimedia contents.
– User interacts with the multimedia application
without controlling the progress of the content.
– The user is a passive receiver of the multimedia
content most of the time.
– The content usually arranged in sequence.

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Modes of Multimedia Interactivity:
Linear
• Examples
– A television program
– Cartoon Movies

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Modes of Multimedia Interactivity:
Non-linear
• Characteristics
– The mode of interactivity that allow user to control
the sequence and progress of the multimedia content.
– Allows the user to interact with the content according
to what the user wants from the content.
– User is an active user in handling and interacting with
the multimedia content.
– The sequence of the multimedia content is arranged
by using buttons or links.

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Modes of Multimedia Interactivity:
Non-linear
• Examples
– An electronic book with links to another screen.
– Computer games

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 Summary
• Modes of Multimedia Interactivity
– Linear
– Non-linear

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 5.3 Multimedia Software
Learning Outcomes:
• At the end of this lesson, students should be
able to:
– differentiate among types of multimedia
authoring tools.
– explain types of editing software

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 Multimedia Software
• Definition
– Multimedia software is a software that allows user
to write multimedia applications and can be used
to produce multimedia elements.

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 Multimedia Software
• Types of multimedia software
– Authoring Tools
– Editing Software

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 Multimedia Software:
Authoring Tools

• Definition
– a software that allows user to write multimedia
applications by linking together objects such as a
text, graphic,audio,video, or animation.
– Examples: Adobe Flash, Adobe Director

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 Multimedia Software:
Authoring Tools

• Examples:
– LiveCode
– ToolBook
– Adobe Authorware
– IconAuthor

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 Multimedia Software:
Authoring Tools

• Authoring tools can be categorized into three

groups, based on the method used for
sequencing or organizing multimedia
elements and events.

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 Types of Authoring Tools

• Time-Based
• Page/Card-Based
• Icon-Based

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 Time-Based Authoring Tools
• Characteristics
– In time-based authoring tools, the elements and
events are organized along a timeline.
– Best used when there is a message with the
beginning and an end.
– Sequentially organized graphic frames are played
back at a speed that have been set.

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ADVANTAGE AND DISADVANTAGE OF
TIME –BASED AUTHORING TOOLS
ADVANTAGE
• Has the ability to develop an application like a
movie.
• Can create complex animation and transitions.
DISADVANTAGE
• Extensive scripting is required for interactivity
• Longer development time
• Music and sound file increases the file size
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 Time-Based Authoring Tools
• Examples
– Adobe Flash
– Adobe Director
– Ktoon

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 Time-Based Authoring Tools

Timeline

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Time-Based Authoring Tools

Timeline

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 Page/Card-Based Authoring Tools
• Characteristics
– In page-based authoring tools, the elements and
events are organized as pages of a book.
– Best used when the main contents consists of
elements that can be viewed individually, letting
the authoring tool link these pages into organized
sequences.

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ADVANTAGE AND DISADVANTAGE OF
PAGE-BASED AUTHORING TOOLS
ADVANTAGE
• Best used when the bulk of the content consists of elements
that can be viewed individually, like the pages of a book or
cards in a card file. Able to link these pages or cards into
organized sequences.

DISADVANTAGE
• Platform independent
• Not interactive to user
• Tools not powerful

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 Page-Based Authoring Tools
• Examples
– MS PowerPoint
– Impress
– LiveCode
– Toolbook (Windows platform)
– HyperCard (Macintosh platform)

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Page-Based Authoring Tools

Elements
arranged as
pages of a
book

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 Page-Based Authoring Tools

Elements
arranged as
pages of a book

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 Icon-Based Authoring Tools
• Characteristics
– In icon-based authoring tools, the elements and
events are organized as objects in a structural
framework or process.
– This tools simplify the organization of the project
and display flow diagrams of activities along
branching paths.

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AVANTAGE AND DISADVANTAGE OF ICON
BASED AUTHORING TOOLS
ADVANTAGE
– Easy to see structure, flow and branching
– Easy to edit and update

DISADVANTAGE
– Difficult to learn
– Not user-friendly

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 Icon-Based Authoring Tools
• Examples
– Adobe Authorware
– IconAuthor

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Icon-Based Authoring Tools

Elements organized
as objects in
structural framework

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 Multimedia Software:
Editing Software

• Definition
– Editing software is an application software that
can be used to produce or edit multimedia
elements.

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 Multimedia Software:
Editing Software

• Types of editing software:

– Text Editor
– Graphic Editor
– Animation Editor
– Video Editor
– Audio Editor

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 Types of Editing Software:
Text Editor
• Definition
– Text editor is an application software that can be
used to produce or edit text.
• Examples
Name of Software File Format
Microsoft Word .doc, .docx
OpenOffice Writer .odt
Notepad .txt

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 Types of Editing Software:
Graphic Editor
• Definition
– Graphic editor is an application software that can
be used to produce or edit graphics.
• Examples
Name of Software File Format
GIMP 2.0 .xcf
Adobe Photoshop .psd
Corel Draw .cdr

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 Types of Editing Software:
Animation Editor
• Definition
– Animation editor is an application software that
can be used to produce or edit animation.
• Examples
Name of Software File Format
3D Blender .blender
Adobe Flash .swf
3D Studio Max .max

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 Types of Editing Software:
Video Editor
• Definition
– Video editor is an application software that can be
used to edit video.
• Examples
Name of Software File Format
Windows Movie Maker .mswmm
Pitivi Video Editor .xptv
OpenShot Video Editor .osp
Adobe Premier .ptl
Final Cut Pro .fcp
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 Types of Editing Software:
Audio Editor
• Definition
– Audio editor is an application software that can be
used for voice recording or producing music and
special sound effects.
• Examples
Name of Software File Format
Audacity .aup
Sound Forge .wav
Wave Pad .dvs

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 Summary
• Definition of multimedia software
• Types of multimedia software
• Definition of authoring tool and editing
software
• Types of multimedia authoring tools
• Types of editing software

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 5.4 Medium of Distribution
Learning Outcomes
• At the end of this lesson, students should be
able to:
– differentiate medium of distribution.

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 Medium of Distribution
• Definition
– Medium of distribution refers to a medium used in
delivering multimedia contents.
• Examples
– CD-ROM
– DVD-ROM
– BD-ROM
– Flash Drive
– The Internet
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 CD-ROM
• Definition
– Optical disc that uses laser technology to store
data that users can read but not write on or erase.
• Capacity (194 MB – 900 MB)
– 194 MB (8 cm)
– 650–900 MB (12 cm)

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 DVD-ROM
• Definition
– High capacity optical disc that uses laser
technology to store data that users can read but
not write on or erase.
• Capacity (4.7 to 17.08 GB)
– 4.7 GB (single-sided, single-layer – common)
– 8.5–8.7 GB (single-sided, double-layer)
– 9.4 GB (double-sided, single-layer)
– 17.08 GB (double-sided, double-layer – rare)
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 BD-ROM
• Definition
– Newer, expensive type of DVD with higher
capacity and better quality than standard DVD.
• Capacity (25 to 128 GB)
– 25 GB (single-layer)
– 50 GB (dual-layer)
– 100/128 GB (BDXL)

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 Flash Drives
• Definition
– Flash memory storage device that plugs in a USB
port on a computer or portable device.
• Capacity
– 4 GB to 1 TB

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 The Internet
• Definition
– Multimedia can be delivered through Web pages.
This kind of content is said to be a Web-based
multimedia.
– Interactive multimedia is delivered too many
homes throughout the world via the Internet.
• Capacity
– Based on server storage.

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 The Internet
• Examples of contents delivered via the
Internet:
– E-book or e-magazine
– Feature movies
– Universities lectures
– Street maps of cities
– Online travelogues

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 The Internet
• Characteristics
– Limited in picture size & low resolution video.
– Can be changed, damaged or deleted by
irresponsible individuals.
– Information for multimedia can be updated easily
& is cheaper.

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 Summary
• Medium of Distribution
– CD-ROM
– DVD-ROM
– BD-ROM
– Flash Drive
– The Internet

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