01-OptiX RTN 900 AM Special Topic

OptiX RTN 900 AM
Special Topic
www.huawei.com
Copyright © 2017 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Objectives
 Upon completion of this course, you will be able to:
 Describe the basic concepts and working principle of AM
 Be familiar with AM feature
 Describe the relationship between AM and other features
 Be able to analyze the problems of AM Switching
Copyright © 2017 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page1
Contents
1. AM Overview
2. AM Compatibility
3. Classified Troubleshooting Case Analysis
Contents
1. AM Overview
1.1 AM Technology
1.2 AM Features
1.3 AM Switching
1.4 Typical application of AM
1.5 Specifications and self-limitations of AM
AM Technology
 AM(Adaptive Modulation) function helps to adjust the
modulation scheme based on the quality of channels. The
higher the modulation efficiency, the higher the bandwidth of
the transmitted services
AM Technology (Cont.)
 After a radio link adopts the AM technology, the availability
of links for services with higher priorities is ensured and the
bandwidth utilization is improved
Adaptive Modulation
Capacity Voice
256QAM 256QAM
16QAM 128QAM
128QAM 64QAM
64QAM
99.9% 32QAM Outage: 525.60min
HSP 99.95% 16QAM Outage: 262.80min

A
99.99% Outage: 52.56min
99.995% Outage: 26.28min
99.998% Outage: 10.51min

99.999% Outage: 5.25min Time
GSM
Packet radio
AM Features
 The AM technology can use the QPSK, 16QAM, 32QAM,
64QAM, 128QAM and 256QAM modulation schemes
 The lowest modulation scheme (also called reference mode)
and highest modulation scheme (also called nominal mode)
can be configured
 When the modulation schemes of the AM are switched, the
transmit frequency, receive frequency and channel spacing
do not change
 When the AM modulation scheme is switched, the step by
step mode is adopted
AM Features (Cont.)
 When the AM switches the modulation scheme, the services
with a low priority are discarded but no bit errors or slips
occur in the services with a high priority
Prepare to
Detected
Detected
Switch to
SNR
SNR
64QAM
32QAM
Increased
decreased
32QAM
64QAM 32QAM
64QAM Massage
Message
Modulation Bandwidth Capacity
32QAM 28MHz 100 M
64QAM 28MHz 150 M
AM Switching
 The AM switching criteria is based on the Mean Square Error(MSE) of
the received Signal.
 To prevent the modulation mode from being switched frequently, the

MSE threshold of any modulation mode for downward switching is
lower than that of upward switching.
Typical Application of AM
 AM and Ethernet QoS ensures the service reliability and
optimizes the service capacity
256QAM@14 MHz: 100M
All priority
256QAM@28MHz: 200M
128QAM@28 MHz: 180M
NodeB
256QAM@14 MHz: 100M NodeB
NodeB
Low Priority
All priority User 1 Mobile
User 2 VoIP
User 3
Video
User n
NodeB
Internet
Specifications of AM
Item Description
IFU2/IFX2 Integrated IP radio(Native E1 and Native Ethernet)

Supported
radio types Integrated IP radio(Native E1 and Native Ethernet)
ISU2/ISX2/ISV
Integrated IP radio (Native STM-1 and Native
3/ISM6
Ethernet)
When the modulation scheme is shifted, the

transmit frequency, receive frequency, and
channel spacing are not changed.
Impact of scheme shift
When the modulation scheme is downshifted,
high-priority services will not be affected when the
low-priority services are discarded.
Specifications of AM (Cont.)
Item Description
Shift mode Step by step
Meeting the requirement of the fast fading at
Shift speed
a speed of 100 dB/s
Supported radio
Integrated IP radio(Native E1+Eth)
types
E1 priority
Supported priority
Two levels
levels
Supported board ISX2
The AM guaranteed capacity mode is QPSK,
Supported
16QAM, or 32QAM and the AM full capacity
modulation scheme
AM booster mode is 64QAM, 128QAM, or 256QAM.
Supported
7/14/28/56 MHz
bandwidth
Transmit power
1-3 dB
increment range
Self-limitations of AM
Item Description
Enable AM before enabling the E1 service
E1 service priority
priority.
If the AM feature is enabled, configuring quality
of service (QoS) for Ethernet services
QoS
transmitted by Integrated IP radio is
recommended.
An Integrated IP radio with the channel spacing
Channel bandwidth
of 3.5 MHz does not support the AM feature.
If the modulation scheme of full AM capacity is
2048QAM modulation scheme (IS3 2048QAM, 2048QAM is shifted to 1024QAM or
mode) 1024QAM is shifted to 2048QAM directly
instead of through 1024QAM light.
AM booster and automatic transmit power
control (ATPC) cannot work together.
AM booster
The AM booster function is available only when
XMC ODUs are used.
Questions
 Which kind of modulation mode can be support by AM？
 What’s the feature limitation for AM？
Contents
1. AM Overview
2. AM Compatibility
AM & ATPC
 The AM and ATPC can be enabled at the same time. But the ATPC
can not bring benefit in terms of interference when AM is enabled. So
it is recommended that ATPC be disabled in case AM is enabled
 When AM and ATPC be enable at the same time, suggest the

threshold range of the ATPC configuration as following:
 Lower threshold: the highest AM modulation threshold + 14dB
 Upper threshold: the ATPC lower threshold＋5dB (high precise) or

the ATPC lower threshold＋15dB (high dynamic range)
AM & ATPC (Cont.)
 For example:
 Frequency range: 7G ~7M~256QAM
 ATPC Lower threshold: -73.5+14dB
 ATPC Upper threshold：-73.5+19dB
AM & N+1 Protection
 When the AM function is enabled, the Hybrid microwave
also supports the 1+1 HSB/FD/SD protection
 When the quality of signal is falling, normally the AM will

work at first to ensure smooth and hitless switching
 The AM function can work with the N+1 protection. In this

case, the AM parameters must be set to the same
AM & Interference
 After the AM function is enabled, the transmit signal level in
the higher modulation mode is less than the lower
modulation mode. Therefore, the interference to the nearby
links is slighter or not changed when the modulation mode
change
 The interference analysis is based on the Reference mode.

The system can work normally if the anti-interference
capability is achieved in the reference mode
AM & other features
 The AM function can work with the XPIC function
 An IF port that supports the AM feature can be configured

into a LAG for air interfaces
 When the AM feature is enabled, it is recommended that

configure QoS for Ethernet services transmitted over
Integrated IP radio
Contents
1. AM Overview
2. AM Compatibility
Common Methods of Diagnosing
Faults
 The common methods of diagnosing a fault are as follows:
 Query the current alarms of AM function:
 AM_DOWNSHIFT;
 MW_CFG_MISMATCH
 MW_E1_LOST
 MW_AM_TEST
 Query current configurations of AM
 Check whether there is a interference on the microwave link
 Check hardware working status
Case 1
 Problem description: RTN 910 (Site B) reports
AM_DOWNSHIFT alarm, but the opposite NE RTN 910
(Site A) does not. RTN 910 software version is
V100R003C00SPC100 on both NE.
 Cause analysis: external factors, interferences, hardware

problem (See the remarks.)
AM_DOWNSHIFT
Site A Site B
Case 1 (Cont.)
 Handling procedure:
 Checked the radio link configuration , it is correct. AM modulation

is configured from 16QAM to 256QAM.
 Cold reset ISU board on site B, alarm still exist.
 Check the MSE on all ISU boards, we found that this value is not
normal between the NEs (26.9 dB and 32.4 dB), but other
directions have normal conditions for these parameters (42.1 dB
and 42.0 dB).
42.1db 26.9db 32.4db 42.0db
Site A Site B
Case 1 (Cont.)
 The abnormal MSE values is the problem reason. According to

the following parameters the modulation mode can not be higher
than 32 QAM when MSE is 26.9 dB.
 Check the temperature of the ISU boards, it was normal on site A:
Case 1 (Cont.)
 Perform the frequency scanning on both sites. It must be third-

party radiation there in current frequencies. We mute ODU on site
A, check received power on site B for all frequencies of ODU
range, it became -90dBm. It means no any radiation there.
 Perform the same actions for the site B, it became also -90dBm.
So there will be another reason, the hardware problem, IF unit,
ODU, If cable, or the connection between ODU and IF unit.
 Perform Inloop at IF unit, then check the MSE at site A, it become

normal.
Case 1 (Cont.)
 It means ISU board is OK. so the fault is ODU or the IF cable.
 Customer went on site A, performed checking standing-wave

ratio (SWR) for IF cable in 45MHz - 400MHz. It was abnormal -
11 (for normal condition it must be about 1). After detailed
observing IF cable and connectors, customer found that IF
cable was damaged and water was inside it.
 Customer replaced IF cable, the AM_DOWNSHIFT alarm

cleared, AM status became 256QAM.
Case 2
 Problem description:
Huawei RTN 950 MW equipments are installed as XPIC con
figuration. Under AM function the modulation of one radio lin
k who works at V-direction always changes between
128QAM and 256QAM.
AM_Downshift alarm appears periodically.
 Cause analysis: external factors, interferences
Case 2 (Cont.)
 Cause analysis:
 ODU is faulty.
 Waveguides or IF cables have some problems.
 There is some interference in the working frequency channel.
 Mute the H-direction and check the modulation on V-

direction. The RSL is not changed, so there is no interference
caused by H-direction.
Case 2 (Cont.)
 system, It’s normal for the hardware.
 Mute all the ODUs on these two links and query the receive sig
nal, it is -84 dbm, while it should be -90 dbm. This means there
is interference in this channel.
 Change the channel or find the source of this interference.
 Check the link for 24 Hour at the NMS, the problem is resolved
Case 3
 Fault symptom:
 In Country X, Project A, RTN 950 is used with ISV3 cards &
XMC ODU for establishing major links with AM enabling of
1024 QAM Light as Full capacity modulation and it is working
fine without any Alarm. But when one site have power issue,
then the link didn't come up after power issue solved and the
transmitter was turned to mute condition. Also the far-end ODU
of this link also stopped transmission after mute and
unmute for test purpose.
Case 3 (Cont.)
 Cause analysis: The ISV3 boards with XMC ODU in 7 GHZ
will support up to 256 QAM as highest modulation mode in
AM. and if we enable the highest modulation as 1024 QAM,
it will continue to work without showing any alarms. But
once the link is disturbed, it will change to mute state and
link becomes down.
 Delete the AM and configured the link in lower modulation such
as QPSK, and unmute the link. the link works this time
Case 4
 Fault symptom:
 In X country Y project, There is one trial link RTN 950 V1 R3 to
introduce the overall feature for ISU2 Card instead of IFU2,
which already been used in the whole network , customer
inform us that link is unstable especially at night, suffering from
abnormal Received level (RSL) after installing the ISU2 Card.
 Alarm information:
 RADIO_RSL_LOW
 MW_RDI
Case 4 (Cont.)
 Check the hardware installation, it’s normal.
 Review the Planning Design for the Link, according to the

Planning, this link suffer from rain fading, specially that the Link
exist in specific rain area, The frequency is 38G which is
sensitive for fading, so the adaptive modulation is enabled, it
will degrade from 32 QAM to QPSK in adverse weather.
 Check the current status of this link, the AM function of local

site is enabled, modulation mode is QPSK, the remote site
AM is disabled, and modulation mode is 32QAM.
Case 4 (Cont.)
 Check the link configuration, we find that site A configured the
ISU2 card as SDH Mode and site B configured ISU2 card as
Hybrid (STM-1+Ethernet) mode, which site A cannot enable
the AM mode while site B can, So the AM is enabled at one
site and disabled at the remote site which cause the link
unstable according to different modulation in both site.
 Configure the link as Hybrid (STM-1+Ethernet) at the both side

and enable the AM for both sites(Local and remote).
 Check the link for 24 Hour at the NMS, the problem is resolved
Case 5
 Fault symptom:
 In A country B project, There is one link with 1+1 HSB, and AM
is enabled. modulation mode is from 64QAM to 256QAM.
When the service is running on the working channel, the
modulation mode is 64QAM, when it is running on the
protection channel, the modulation mode is 256QAM,
Customer inform us that there is huge bit error occur.
 Alarm information:
 AM_DOWNSHIFT
 MW_FEC_UNCOR
Case 5 (Cont.)
 Query the SNR Values of a Radio Link, the SNR of main IF
board is 16, the SNR of standby IF board is normal.
 Query the RSL of ODU is -45dbm, it is normal.
 AM can not work at the highest modulation mode, it means

that the quality of Microwave link is not high, so the problem
maybe the interference, after agreed by customer, we mute
the remote ODU, then check the RSL of local site, the RSL is -
90 dbm. So there is no interference on this Microwave link.
Case 5 (Cont.)
 Send a engineer to the remote site, exchange the IF cable,
query the current modulation mode when the service is running
at the working channel, it is 256QAM, but when the service is
running at the protection channel, the modulation mode is
64QAM. So it means that the IF board working normally.
 Replacement the working ODU of the remote site, problem is

resolved, the service running normally, and the modulation
mode of both two channel are 256QAM.
Summary
 AM Technology
 AM Features
 Typical application of AM
 Specifications and self-limitations of AM
 AM Compatibility
 Case Analysis for AM Troubleshooting
Thank you
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01-OptiX RTN 900 AM Special Topic

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OptiX RTN 900 AM

Copyright © 2017 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

 Be familiar with AM feature

 Describe the relationship between AM and other features

 Be able to analyze the problems of AM Switching

3. Classified Troubleshooting Case Analysis

1.4 Typical application of AM

1.5 Specifications and self-limitations of AM

HSP 99.95% 16QAM Outage: 262.80min

99.995% Outage: 26.28min

99.998% Outage: 10.51min

Modulation Bandwidth Capacity

32QAM 28MHz 100 M

64QAM 28MHz 150 M

 To prevent the modulation mode from being switched frequently, the

256QAM@14 MHz: 100M

IFU2/IFX2 Integrated IP radio(Native E1 and Native Ethernet)

When the modulation scheme is shifted, the

 What’s the feature limitation for AM？

3. Classified Troubleshooting Case Analysis

 When AM and ATPC be enable at the same time, suggest the

 Lower threshold: the highest AM modulation threshold + 14dB

 Upper threshold: the ATPC lower threshold＋5dB (high precise) or

 Frequency range: 7G ~7M~256QAM

 ATPC Lower threshold: -73.5+14dB

 ATPC Upper threshold：-73.5+19dB

 When the quality of signal is falling, normally the AM will

 The AM function can work with the N+1 protection. In this

 The interference analysis is based on the Reference mode.

 An IF port that supports the AM feature can be configured

 When the AM feature is enabled, it is recommended that

3. Classified Troubleshooting Case Analysis

 Query current configurations of AM

 Check whether there is a interference on the microwave link

 Check hardware working status

 Cause analysis: external factors, interferences, hardware

 Checked the radio link configuration , it is correct. AM modulation

 Cold reset ISU board on site B, alarm still exist.

42.1db 26.9db 32.4db 42.0db

 The abnormal MSE values is the problem reason. According to

 Check the temperature of the ISU boards, it was normal on site A:

 Perform the frequency scanning on both sites. It must be third-

 Perform Inloop at IF unit, then check the MSE at site A, it become

 Customer went on site A, performed checking standing-wave

 Customer replaced IF cable, the AM_DOWNSHIFT alarm

 Cause analysis: external factors, interferences

 Waveguides or IF cables have some problems.

 There is some interference in the working frequency channel.

 Mute the H-direction and check the modulation on V-

 Change the channel or find the source of this interference.

 Review the Planning Design for the Link, according to the

 Check the current status of this link, the AM function of local

 Configure the link as Hybrid (STM-1+Ethernet) at the both side

 Query the RSL of ODU is -45dbm, it is normal.

 AM can not work at the highest modulation mode, it means

 Replacement the working ODU of the remote site, problem is

 Specifications and self-limitations of AM

 Case Analysis for AM Troubleshooting

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