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By :
Septoratno Siregar
COMMON CONDITIONS FOR ALL EOR PROCESSES
Depth
Dip
Heterogeneity
Petrophysics
Driving Mechanism
Depth
Depth Cost
Dip (1)
Dip (2)
Heterogeneity
Pore Size
Rock Type
Skin effect
Structure Continuity
Stratigraphy
COMMON CONDITIONS FOR ALL EOR PROCESSES
Petrophysical Properties
Porosity, Ø
Permeability, k
Capillary Pressure
Rock Wettability
COMMON CONDITIONS FOR ALL EOR PROCESSES
Driving Mechanism
Driving Mechanism
Oil Viscosity
By :
Septoratno Siregar
ONE DIMENSIONAL DISPLACEMENT
Driving Mechanism
Assumptions :
Both the injection and production wells are
qt
Production
L w qi
x y
Injection θ
z
X X X
ONE DIMENSIONAL DISPLACEMENT
Fractional Flow Equation (1)
Assumptions:
ONE DIMENSIONAL DISPLACEMENT
Kr Laboratory Measurement
k k ro A O O k k ro A PO O g sin
qO - - 6
O x O x 1.0133x10
or
k k rw A w w k k rw A Pw w g sin
qw - - 6
w x w x 1.0133x10
ONE DIMENSIONAL DISPLACEMENT
Darcy Equation
qO q t q w
w O q t O PC g sin
q w A 6
*
k k rw k k ro k k ro x 1.1033 x 10
ONE DIMENSIONAL DISPLACEMENT
Water Fraction
k k ro A PC ρ g sin θ
1 6
qt O x 1.0133 x10
fW
W k ro
1
O k rw
ONE DIMENSIONAL DISPLACEMENT
Water Fraction
In Field Units
k k ro A PC
3
1 1.127 x10 0.4335 sin
qt O x
fW
W k ro
1
O k rw
ONE DIMENSIONAL DISPLACEMENT
Water Fraction
g sin
0 2 up dip direction 6
0
1.0133 x10
ONE DIMENSIONAL DISPLACEMENT
Buckley Leverett
qw w x - qw w A dx w S w
x dx
t
or
qw w x - qw w x qw w dx A dx w S w
x t
qw w A w S w
t t
ONE DIMENSIONAL DISPLACEMENT
Buckley – Leverett
qw S w
A
x t t x
ONE DIMENSIONAL DISPLACEMENT
Buckley – Leverett
Sw total Differential :
S w S w
dS w dx dt
x t t x
ONE DIMENSIONAL DISPLACEMENT
Buckley – Leverett
S w S w dx
t x x t dt S w
and
qw qw S w
x t S w x t
ONE DIMENSIONAL DISPLACEMENT
Buckley – Leverett
qw dx
A
S w t dt SW
qW qT fW
dx qT dfW
VSw
dt Sw A dSW
ONE DIMENSIONAL DISPLACEMENT
Buckley – Leverett
t t
1 df w
xSw
A dS w 0
qT dt ; q dt W
0
T i cumulative water injection
Wi df w
xSw
A dS w Sw
ONE DIMENSIONAL DISPLACEMENT
Buckley – Leverett
ONE DIMENSIONAL DISPLACEMENT
Problems
Consider:
At a specific time
Material Balance
Wi x2 A S w S wc
1
Wi df w
S w S wc S wf
x2 A dS w
ONE DIMENSIONAL DISPLACEMENT
Buckley – Leverett
x2
1 S or x1 S w dx
Sw
x1
x2
ONE DIMENSIONAL DISPLACEMENT
Buckley – Leverett
because x df w
1 dS w Sw
ONE DIMENSIONAL
DISPLACEMENT
Buckley – Leverett
S wf
df w df w
S wf
* S w d S w f w 1 Sor
S wf
1 S or dS w dS w 1 Sor
Substitute to the previous equation
1 Sor df w
Sw
df w
1 S or
df w
f w S f w 1 S
dS w 1 S dS w S wf
dS w 1 S wf or
Sw or or
df w
dS w S wf
ONE DIMENSIONAL DISPLACEMENT
Buckley – Leverett
1 fw S wf
S wf S wf ,
df w
dS w S wf
df w
f w and are evaluated at the front
dSw
ONE DIMENSIONAL DISPLACEMENT
Buckley – Leverett
1
S w S wc
df w A
dS w
Swf
df w
1 f w Swf 1
dS w S w S wf S w S wc
ONE DIMENSIONAL DISPLACEMENT
Buckley – Leverett
Wi df w
xSw
A S w Sw
ONE DIMENSIONAL DISPLACEMENT
Oil Recovery Calculation
Wi 1
Wid
LA df w
dS w Swe
ONE DIMENSIONAL DISPLACEMENT
Oil Recovery Calculation
ONE DIMENSIONAL DISPLACEMENT
Oil Recovery Calculation
1
N pdbt Widbt qid tbt ( S wbt S wc )
df w
dS w S wbt
ONE DIMENSIONAL DISPLACEMENT
Oil Recovery Calculation
Widb t
tbt
qid
ONE DIMENSIONAL DISPLACEMENT
Oil Recovery Calculation
1
S w S we (1 f we )
df w
dS w Sw
ONE DIMENSIONAL DISPLACEMENT
Oil Recovery Calculation
Since
1
N pdbt qid tbt ( S wbt S wc ) Widbt
df w
dS w S wbt
S w S we (1 f we )Wid
ONE DIMENSIONAL DISPLACEMENT
Oil Recovery Calculation
1
N pdbt Widbt qid tbt ( S wbt S wc )
df w
dS w S wbt
or
Procedures
a) Draw the fractional flow curve with one of the
equations above, allowing for gravity effects, but
neglecting capillary pressure gradient ∂Pc / ∂x
ONE DIMENSIONAL DISPLACEMENT
Oil Recovery Calculation
ONE DIMENSIONAL DISPLACEMENT
Oil Recovery Calculation
N pd S w Swc
ONE DIMENSIONAL DISPLACEMENT
Oil Recovery Calculation
Wid qid t
Alternatively,
Water Injection:
- Oil is displaced by water
- horizontal
- pattern : direct line drive
- diffused flow condition
- pressure is being maintained at its
initial value
ONE DIMENSIONAL DISPLACEMENT
Exercise
Water viscosity,
Case Oil viscosity, cp
cp
1 50 0.5
2 5 0.5
3 0.4 1
ONE DIMENSIONAL DISPLACEMENT
Exercise
1
fw
w k ro
1
k rw o
ONE DIMENSIONAL DISPLACEMENT
Oil Recovery Calculation
qw / Bw
f ws
qw / Bw qo / Bo
ONE DIMENSIONAL DISPLACEMENT
Exercise - Solution
or can be expressed as :
1
f ws
Bw 1
1 1
Bo f w
ONE DIMENSIONAL DISPLACEMENT
Exercise - Solution
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
fw, rb/rb
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0 Sw
0.000 0.100 0.200 0.300 0.400 0.500 0.600 0.700 0.800 0.900 1.000
ONE DIMENSIONAL DISPLACEMENT
Exercise - Solution
fw Bt fw Bt Sw BT Npd BT
Case Sw BT
(res) (surf) ave (PV)
By :
Septoratno Siregar
2 DIMENSIONAL DISPLACEMENT SYSTEM
General
= injection well
= production well
Four Spot
2 DIMENSIONAL DISPLACEMENT SYSTEM
General
= injection well
= production well
Five Spot
2 DIMENSIONAL DISPLACEMENT SYSTEM
General
= injection well
= production well
Seven Spot
2 DIMENSIONAL DISPLACEMENT SYSTEM
General
= injection well
= production well
Nine Spot
2 DIMENSIONAL DISPLACEMENT SYSTEM
General
= injection well
= production well
= injection well
= production well
= injection well
= production well
Peripheral Flood
2 DIMENSIONAL DISPLACEMENT SYSTEM
General
= injection well
= production well
VD Vb ( 1 Swc S or )
2 DIMENSIONAL DISPLACEMENT SYSTEM
General
0.9
fw > 0
0.8
Es (Swept Area)
0.7
0.6
0.5
Breakthrough
0.4
0.3
0.1 1 10 100 1000
M
2 DIMENSIONAL DISPLACEMENT SYSTEM
General
0.9
Vi/VD >> 0
0.8
Es (Swept Area)
0.7
0.6
0.5
Breakthrough
0.4
0.3
0.1 1 10 100 1000
M
2 DIMENSIONAL DISPLACEMENT SYSTEM
General
Performance parameters :
Np = oil production cumulative
Wp = water production cumulative
Wi = cumulative injected water
WOR = water oil ratio
2 DIMENSIONAL DISPLACEMENT SYSTEM
General
M=2
0.9
0.8
Es (Swept Area)
M=1
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0 1 2 3 4 5
ViD
(WOR)s = (WOR)res*Bo/Bw
2 DIMENSIONAL DISPLACEMENT SYSTEM
General
3. Then we determine:
Es mod el VD
Np
Bo
ViD mod el VD
Wi
Bw
Wi Bw N p Bo
Wp
Bw
2 DIMENSIONAL DISPLACEMENT SYSTEM
General
4. f
dN p
gradient N p vsN p W p
d W p N p
o s
1 f o s
WOR s
f o s
1
0.9
0.8
0.7
Np
0.6
0.5 BT (Water
Breakthrough)
TAN θ = 1 ( s/d BT)
0.4
θ
0.3
0 1 2 3 4 5
(Wp + Np)
2 DIMENSIONAL DISPLACEMENT SYSTEM
Es vs fw
Np
0
0
Es
2 DIMENSIONAL DISPLACEMENT SYSTEM
Es vs fw
2.
ViD VD
Wi
Bw
Es VD
Np
Bo
f w res
WOR s Bo
1 f w res Bw
2 DIMENSIONAL DISPLACEMENT SYSTEM
Es vs fw
Oil
water oil +
gas
2 DIMENSIONAL DISPLACEMENT SYSTEM
Reservoir Performance
Oil + Gas
water Displacement by
oil Water (5 spot)
gas
+
oil
2 DIMENSIONAL DISPLACEMENT SYSTEM
Reservoir Performance
Vb S g S gr
Wif
qo Bo
1 i B
w w
or
ViDf
S S
g gr
1 S S S or
qo Bo
1 i B wc gr
w w
2 DIMENSIONAL DISPLACEMENT SYSTEM
Reservoir Performance
Fill – Up
Produced Oil @ Wi ≤ Wif or Vi ≤ ViDf
Wif VDViDf
N p qo qo
iw Bw iw Bw
2 DIMENSIONAL DISPLACEMENT
SYSTEM
Reservoir Performance
After Fill–Up
Np
EsViD VD
N pf
Bo
Wp
ViD ViDf VD
E s ViDf VD
Bw Bw
Wp
ViD Es VD
Bw
2 DIMENSIONAL DISPLACEMENT SYSTEM
Reservoir Performance
WOR @ surface
WOR = dWp / dNp
Tabulation
By :
Septoratno Siregar
THREE DIMENSIONAL DISPLACEMENT
General
By :
Septoratno Siregar
INJECTION EFFICIENCY
General
E E A x EV x E D
swept area
EA
total area
E A can be estimated from graphical correlatio n
(Craig - Geffen - Morse)
EV with Stiles or
Dykstra - Parsons - Johnson method
E D with Buckley - Leverett and Welge method
INJECTION EFFICIENCY
General
ED = Displacement Efficiency
INJECTION EFFICIENCY
General
ED can be improved by :
Using solvent that is miscible with oil (e.g.:alcohol,
propane, LPG). This solvent is expensive (in practice, the
solvent is used in limited amount / slug)
By :
Septoratno Siregar
PLANNING AN INJECTION PROGRAM
General
Reservoir Depth
Production :
Operation, tools and equipments at the surface
Reservoir:
Isopach maps, isobar maps injection pattern, injection
wells location, reservoir performance forecast
Drilling :
Drill new wells
PLANNING AN INJECTION PROGRAM
Operational Aspect
THANK YOU