CHAPTER 02 Common Conditions in EOR

COMMON CONDITIONS FOR
ALL EOR PROCESSES
By :
Septoratno Siregar
COMMON CONDITIONS FOR ALL EOR PROCESSES
Factors Affecting EOR
 Depth
 Dip
 Heterogeneity
 Petrophysics
 Driving Mechanism
 Remaining Oil Reserves

 Residual Oil Saturation
 Oil Viscosity
Depth
 Depth Injection Pressure
 Depth Cost
 Depth Compressor Power

Dip (1)
 If density difference between displacing & displaced

fluid is big, dip has a meaningful effect
 In high frontal displacement velocity, dip effect

becomes less significant
Dip (2)
 Water tends to flow faster at the bottom (gravity

tongue)
 Gas tends to flow faster at the top (gravity override)

Heterogeneity
 Pore Size
 Rock Type
 Skin effect
 Structure Continuity
 Stratigraphy
Petrophysical Properties
 Porosity, Ø
 Permeability, k
 Relative Permeability, Krw, Kro
 Capillary Pressure
 Rock Wettability
Driving Mechanism
 It is a very important factor

(e.g. waterflooding may not be effective in strong-
water drive reservoir, if injection location is near
aquifer)
Remaining Oil Reserve
 High Oil Remaining Reserves : good EOR project

candidate
Driving Mechanism
 Sor from the previous process (thus So prior to EOR)

determines the degree of difficulty to displace the
remaining oil
 Lower Sor gives less benefit to EOR project, because:

 More difficult/expensive
 Less capital to pay
Oil Viscosity
 An important factor when selecting EOR method
 Important factor in mobility ratio controlling the

sweep efficiency
 Critical success factor in immiscible displacement

(lower oil viscosity gives better recovery efficiency)
ONE DIMENSIONAL DISPLACEMENT
By :
Septoratno Siregar
Driving Mechanism
 Velocity and saturation change in one direction at

anytime and any position
 Could occur in:

 gas injection to gas cap
 water injection to edge aquifer
 direct-line drive injection pattern
 laboratory slim tube and coreflood
Frontal Displacement Theory
Assumptions :
 Both the injection and production wells are
perforated across the entire formation thickness

 Absence of non linear streamlines
 Saturations are uniformly distributed across the

entire height and width of the reservoir
Injection Drive Pattern
qt
Production
L w qi
x y
Injection θ
z
X X X
Fractional Flow Equation (1)
Assumptions:
 Diffused flow condition → uniform saturation at all

points → One Dimension Model
 Kro & Krw is a uniform function of So and Sw → one

value represents the whole reservoir
Fractional Flow Equation (2)
Diffused flow condition :

 Injection rate >> capillary and gravity
 effect were ignored

 Vertical equilibrium condition cannot be fulfilled
 Little Injection Rate Capillary Zone Transition >>

Reservoir Thickness (H>>h)
 Vertical equilibrium condition is fulfilled

Pc vs Sw, h

Kr Laboratory Measurement
 Diffused flow condition, since the displacement rate

in core is high and the core is skinny
 Kr measurement results should actually be used only

in a diffused flow situation
Darcy Equation
 Darcy Equation for linear flow
k k ro A  O  O k k ro A  PO O g sin  
qO  - -   6 
O x O  x 1.0133x10 
or
k k rw A  w  w k k rw A  Pw  w g sin  
qw  - -   6 
w x  w  x 1.0133x10 
Darcy Equation
qO  q t  q w
 w O  q t O  PC  g sin  
q w      A  6 
*
 k k rw k k ro  k k ro  x 1.1033 x 10 
Water Fraction
 Water Flow Fraction at any point

qW qW
fW   subtitute to *
qW  qO qt
k k ro A  PC ρ g sin θ 
1  6 
qt  O  x 1.0133 x10 
fW 
W k ro
1
 O k rw
Water Fraction
 In Field Units
k k ro A  PC 
3
1  1.127 x10  0.4335  sin  
qt  O  x 
fW 
W k ro
1
 O k rw
Water Fraction
 Under Gravity Force :

 g sin 
0      up dip direction 6
0
1.0133 x10
 g sin 
0    2  up dip direction 6
0
1.0133 x10
 f w up dip  f w down dip, because gravity force

tend to suppress water flow at the up dip flow
Water Fraction
 Capillary Pressure Gradient Effect

Water Fraction
PC dPC Sw

 
x dSw x
 
0 0
P
 C always  0
x
 it always increases Water Fractional Flow (f W )
PC
is hard to be determined quantitati vely because
x
of the profile of Sw  f(x) is unknown, in fact it is
something we want to know in the displaceme nt
calculatio n
Water Fraction
 Sw = f(x) is unknown → δPc/ δx is hard to be

determined quantitatively
 δPc/ δx → is needed in Displacement Calculation

Water Fraction
 In the Sw vs x graph, Sw jumps from Swc to Swf (at the sat.

front), thus δSw/δx is max at sat. front
 In the Pc vs Sw curve, δPc/δSw is max at sat. front
 Thus, δPc/δx will be max at sat. front

Water Fraction
 Behind the front (where the fw is between 0 and 1,

Sw increase gradually from Swf to (1-Sor)
 It means δPc/δSw & δSw/δx are small, thus δPc/δx could

be neglected in fw equation
Water Fraction
1 Sin θ = 0 (horizontal displacement)

 fW 
 w k ro
1
k rw  o
 Capillary Pressure Gradient neglected
 Constant Temperature for certain μo & μw

Water Fraction
 Fractional Flow Curve

Buckley - Leverett
 Basic Equation for 1-dimensional immiscible

displacement
 Used to determine the velocity of a moving plane of

constant Sw through a linear system
Buckley - Leverett
mass rate in - mass rate out  mass rate of accumulation
 Mass accumulation rate in pore volume of

(A Φ dx)
 Assume: Diffused Flow Condition

Buckley - Leverett

Buckley Leverett

qw  w x - qw  w  A dx  w S w 
x  dx
t
or
   
qw  w x - qw  w x  qw  w dx   A dx  w S w 
 x  t
 
qw  w    A  w S w 
t t
Buckley – Leverett
 Assume Incompressible Displacement (ρw =

constant)
qw S w
  A
x t t x
 Sw total Differential :
S w S w
dS w  dx  dt
x t t x

S w S w dx

t x x t dt S w
and
qw  qw S w 
  
x t  S w x t

qw dx
 A
S w t dt SW
qW  qT fW
qW  qT fW  dfW INCOMPRESS IBLE

  qT
SW t SW t dSW Sw
qT  constant

dx qT dfW
VSw  
dt Sw A dSW
 For qT=qi , the plane with constant Sw is proportional

to dfw/dSw.
t t
1 df w
xSw  
A dS w 0
qT dt ;  q dt  W
0
T i  cumulative water injection
Wi df w
xSw 
A dS w Sw
 The position of the constant Sw plane at various

times can be calculated using the equation above
and the fw vs Sw (fractional flow) relationship

Problems
 A point in the reservoir has more than one (three)

saturation values
 Correction: draw a vertical line which makes area A
= area
 The vertical line corresponds with the front
saturation
ONE DIMENSIONAL
DISPLACEMENT
 Buckley – Leverett Equation can be used to

determine constant Sw plane velocity and its
position.
 Fractional Flow Equation for :
 Horizontal Reservoir 1
fw 
 w k ro
1
k rw  o
 Reservoir with a dip angle k k ro A  g sin 

1
qT o 1.0133x106
fw 
 k
1  w ro
k rw o
 Welge (1952):integrate saturation distribution from

injection point to front, then determine an average
Sw behind the front.
Consider:
 At a specific time
 Wi = quantity of injected water
 Sw max = (1 – Sor) reaches position x1 ( with : Vsw ~

dfsw/dSw) @ Sw=1 - Sor
 Material Balance

Wi  x2 A S w  S wc 
1
Wi df w
S w  S wc   S wf
x2 A dS w
 Average Sw can be determined by integrating Sw

profile :
x2
1  S or x1   S w dx
Sw 
x1
x2
 For a certain volume of injected water (Sw > Swf),

the above equation could be expressed as:
*

Swf
 df w 
1  S or  df w 
  Swd 
 1 S  dS 


dS w 1 S o r  or  w 
Sw 
df w
dS w S
wf
because x  df w 

 1 dS w Sw 

ONE DIMENSIONAL
DISPLACEMENT
S wf
 df w   df w 
S wf
*   S w d     S w   f w 1 Sor
S wf

1 S or  dS w   dS w 1 Sor
 Substitute to the previous equation
1  Sor  df w
 Sw
df w
 1  S or 
df w
 f w S  f w 1 S
dS w 1 S dS w S wf
dS w 1 S wf or
Sw  or or
df w
dS w S wf

1 fw S wf
S wf  S wf  ,
df w
dS w S wf
df w
f w and are evaluated at the front
dSw
 Putting A and B together :
 
 
 1 
 S w  S wc  
 df w  A
 dS w 
 Swf 
df w


1  f w Swf  1
dS w S w  S wf S w  S wc
 To satisfy both equations

above, one needs to make a
tangent line from
[Sw = Swc, fw=0 to Sw = Swf ,
fw = fw@ Swf )
 The line must intercept

fw=1 @ [Sw = Swavg, fw = 1]
ONE DIMENSIONAL
DISPLACEMENT
 This method is used to determine Swf, fw|Swf ,

and Sw using :
1
fw 
 w k ro
1
k rw  o
or
k k ro A  g sin 
1
qT  o 1.0133x106
fw 
 k
1  w ro
k rw  o
Oil Recovery Calculation
 Before Water Breakthrough, this equation can

be applied to determine the position of
constant Sw plane , for Swf<Sw<1-Sor
Wi df w
xSw 
A S w Sw
 After breakthrough, we focus on the increasing Sw at

the producer.
 Now, x = L (length of the reservoir block) =
constant, then the equation reads :
Wi 1
  Wid
LA df w
dS w Swe

 Swe is the current water saturation at the producer
 Wid is dimensionless pore volume injected (1PV =

LAФ)
 For incompressible displacement the oil recovered is

simply equal to the volume of water injected (up to
breakthrough there is no water produced)
 At the time of breakthrough, the flood front fluid
saturation, Swf = Swbt
 Reservoir water cut increases suddenly from fw = 0,
to fw = fw@ Swf (this is being confirmed by field
observation)
1
N pdbt  Widbt  qid tbt  ( S wbt  S wc ) 
df w
dS w S wbt
 Time when breakthrough occurs is :
Widb t
tbt 
qid
 After breakthrough , L remains constant, Swe and fwe

gradually increase as the flood continues.
 During this phase the calculation is more complex

and requires application of the Welge equation:
1
S w  S we  (1  f we )
df w
dS w Sw
 Since
1
N pdbt  qid tbt  ( S wbt  S wc )  Widbt 
df w
dS w S wbt
the equation can also be expressed :
S w  S we  (1  f we )Wid
 Subtract both sides of the equation with Swc will

give the oil recovery equation
N pd  S w  Swc  Swe  Swc   (1  f we )Wid ( PV )

1
N pdbt  Widbt  qid tbt  ( S wbt  S wc ) 
df w
dS w S wbt
or
N pd  S w  Swc  Swe  Swc   (1  f we )Wid

Procedures
a) Draw the fractional flow curve with one of the
equations above, allowing for gravity effects, but
neglecting capillary pressure gradient ∂Pc / ∂x
b) Draw the tangent to this curve from the point Sw =

Swc, fw = 0. The point of tangency has coordinates
Sw = Swf = Sw , fw = fw = fw and the extrapolation
of this line to fw=1 gives the value of the average
saturation behind the front at breakthrough Sw = Sw
c) Vary Swe as an independent variable in increments

of say 5 %, above the Sw at breakthrough. Each
point on the fractional flow, for Swe > Swbt , has a
coordinate of Sw = Swe, fw = fwe.
d) Applying this equation

1
S w  S we  (1  f we )
df w
dS w Sw
next figure demonstrates that tangent to fractional

curve intersects the line fw = 1,to give the current
value of the average water saturation in the
reservoir blocks, Sw

 For each value of Swe the corresponding value of Sw

is determined graphically and the oil recovery
calculated as :
N pd  S w  Swc
 The reciprocal of the slope of the fractional flow

curve 1 , for each Swe, gives Wid, the
df w
dS w S wc
number of pore volumes of water injected;

equation :
Wi 1
  Wid
LA df w
dS w Swe
 This allows time scale to be attached to the

recovery, since :
Wid  qid t
 Alternatively,
N pd  S w  Swc  Swe  Swc   (1  f we )Wid ( PV )

can be used to calculate the oil recovery by
determining fwe and Wid from the fractional flow
curve for each chosen value of Swe
Exercise
 Water Injection:
- Oil is displaced by water
- horizontal
- pattern : direct line drive
- diffused flow condition
- pressure is being maintained at its
initial value
Exercise
 Table of rock relative permeability functions for water and oil

Sw krw kro Sw krw kro
0.20 0.000 0.800 0.50 0.075 0.163
0.25 0.002 0.610 0.55 0.100 0.120
0.30 0.009 0.470 0.60 0.132 0.081
0.35 0.020 0.370 0.65 0.170 0.050
0.40 0.033 0.285 0.70 0.208 0.027
0.45 0.051 0.220 0.80 0.300 0

Exercise
 Bo =1.3 rb/stb Bw = 1.0 rb/stb
Water viscosity,
Case Oil viscosity, cp
cp
1 50 0.5
2 5 0.5
3 0.4 1
Exercise
 Compare the values of producing watercut (at

surface conditions) and the cumulative oil recovery
at breakthrough for fluid combinations listed in the
table below
 Assume that the relative permeabilities and the PVT

are the same for all three cases
Exercise - Solution
 For horizontal flow, fractional flow in reservoir is :
1
fw 
 w k ro
1
k rw  o
 producing watercut at the surface, fws , is :
qw / Bw
f ws 
qw / Bw  qo / Bo
Exercise - Solution
 or can be expressed as :
1
f ws 
Bw  1 
1   1
Bo  f w 
Exercise - Solution
 The three cases can be summarized as follows :

fw
No Sw krw kro kro/krw w/ o 0. w /o
w/o2.5
1 . 0.200 0.000 0.800   0 0
2 . 0.250 0.002 0.610 305.000 0.2469 0.0317 0.0013
3 . 0.300 0.009 0.470 52.222 0.6569 0.1607 0.0076
4 . 0.350 0.020 0.370 18.500 0.8439 0.3509 0.0212
5 . 0.400 0.033 0.285 8.636 0.9205 0.5366 0.0443
6 . 0.450 0.051 0.220 4.314 0.9586 0.6986 0.0849
7 . 0.500 0.075 0.163 2.173 0.9787 0.8215 0.1554
8 . 0.550 0.100 0.120 1.200 0.9881 0.8929 0.2500
9 . 0.600 0.135 0.081 0.600 0.9940 0.9434 0.4000
10 . 0.650 0.170 0.050 0.294 0.9971 0.9714 0.5763
11 . 0.700 0.208 0.027 0.130 0.9987 0.9872 0.7550
12 . 0.750 0.251 0.010 0.040 0.9996 0.9960 0.9094
13 . 0.800 0.300 0.000 0.000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
Exercise - Solution
 Fractional Flow Plots for different oil – water viscosity ratio
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
fw, rb/rb
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0 Sw
0.000 0.100 0.200 0.300 0.400 0.500 0.600 0.700 0.800 0.900 1.000
Exercise - Solution
fw Bt fw Bt Sw BT Npd BT
Case Sw BT
(res) (surf) ave (PV)
1 0.28 0.55 0.61 0.34 0.14
2 0.45 0.7 0.75 0.55 0.35
3 0.8 1 1 0.8 0.6

2 DIMENSIONAL DISPLACEMENT SYSTEM
By :
Septoratno Siregar
General
 2 dimensional displacement is a displacement

happened in a reservoir with its thickness is very
small, so the velocity and saturation in vertical
direction is negligible
 If 2 dimensional displacement calculation is solved

analytically similar with linear displacement, there
would be complex calculation. The solution need to
be solved by computer computation, which can be
expensive.
General
 Injection – Production Well Patterns
= injection well
= production well
 Four Spot
General
= injection well
= production well
 Five Spot
General
= injection well
= production well
 Seven Spot
General
= injection well
= production well
 Nine Spot
General
= injection well
= production well
 Direct – Line Drive

General
= injection well
= production well
 Staggered – Line Drive

General
= injection well
= production well
 Peripheral Flood
General
= injection well
= production well
 Peripheral & Cluster Flood

General
 Reservoir and flow characteristic used Broaden of

empirical model for those pattern has base and
assumptions as follow:
cross sectional area behind front
Es 
cross section unit of injection pattern (total)
injected fluid volume (Vi )

ViD 
displaced pore volume (VD )
VD  Vb ( 1  Swc  S or )
General
 Reservoir and flow characteristics, used in physical

modeling, are:
 Layer thickness << reservoir size 2 dimension
 No gravitational and reservoir dip effect (<10O)
 Reservoir is homogeneous
 Piston displacement and steady state flow
General
0.9
fw > 0
0.8
Es (Swept Area)
0.7
0.6
0.5
Breakthrough
0.4
0.3
0.1 1 10 100 1000
M
General
0.9
Vi/VD >> 0
0.8
Es (Swept Area)
0.7
0.6
0.5
Breakthrough
0.4
0.3
0.1 1 10 100 1000
M
General
 From these, reservoir performance with drive

injection pattern can be estimated (single layers or
many layers)
Calculation
A. Performance calculation when 0 ≤ Sg ≤ Sgc
 Performance parameters :
 Np = oil production cumulative
 Wp = water production cumulative
 Wi = cumulative injected water
 WOR = water oil ratio
General
 Required data for calculation :

1. Mobility Ratio
k rw S 
M or o
k ro S  w
wc
2. VD = displaceable pore volume

VD = Vb Ø ( 1 – Swc – Sg – Sor) 0 ≤ Sg ≤ Sg
3. From chart, we can find relation between Es vs ViD or Es

vs Sw for given M (No.1)
Es vs ViD
M=2
0.9
0.8
Es (Swept Area)
M=1
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0 1 2 3 4 5
ViD
 From this chart, we can calculate:

Es vs ViD
1. dEs/dViD (Gradient Es vs ViD)

(fw)res = 1 – (fo)res
2. From (fw)res, we can calculate:
(WOR)res = [(fw)res/ 1 – (fw)res]
(WOR)s = (WOR)res*Bo/Bw
General
3. Then we determine:
Es mod el  VD 
Np 
Bo
ViD mod el  VD 
Wi 
Bw
Wi Bw  N p Bo
Wp 
Bw
General
4.  f  
dN p
 gradient N p vsN p  W p 
d W p  N p 
o s
1   f o s
WOR s 
 f o s
1
0.9
0.8
0.7
Np
0.6
0.5 BT (Water
Breakthrough)
TAN θ = 1 ( s/d BT)
0.4
θ
0.3
0 1 2 3 4 5
(Wp + Np)
Es vs fw
 IF we use Es vs fw, performance calculation will be:

1.
 f o res 
dEs
dViD
dEs
( 1  f w )res 
dViD
1
ViD   dEs ; cross sec tion below line
1  ( f w )res
Es vs fw

Np
0
0
Es
Es vs fw
2.
ViD  VD
Wi 
Bw
Es  VD
Np 
Bo
 f w res
WOR s  Bo
1   f w res Bw
Es vs fw
 The difference between Es vs ViD and Es vs fw is how

we calculate Wi
Reservoir Performance
B. Performance Calculation when Sg > Sgc

 Gas mobility λg >> λo
 Oil Gas Front (buoyancy << horizontal force) stabile
 Gas at the front
gas + oil displacement by water mechanism
Oil
water oil +
gas
 Oil + Gas
water Displacement by
oil Water (5 spot)
gas
+
oil
 Reservoir performance estimation (Sg> Sgc) with Es

vs ViD and Es vs fw data is same with (0≤Sg≤Sgc)
 Assumptions:
 Oil Bank, met in producing well, is surrounded by injection
well
 When oil bank has reached producing well, oil has fill in to
all of reservoir area, except the area saturated by water
 Oil fill-up into pores since left by gas until oil bank
breakthrough
 Oil is produced in the same way as before well is injected
 Water volume and oil saturation at oil bank

breakthrough:
VD = Vb Ø (1 – Swc – Sgr – Sor)
1. Oil saturation @ oil bank

So = (1 – Swc – Sgr)
2. Injected water volume, Wif, fill pore space which is

left by:
a. Free gas (can be produced): Vb Ø (1 – Swc – Sgr – Sor)
b. Reservoir pore space caused by produced oil during fill-up
process:
(qo Bo) x Δt; Δt = Wif / (iw Bw); iw = injection rate
Total: Wif = Vb Ø (Sg– Sgr) + (qo Bo) Wif/(iw Bw)

Vb  S g  S gr 
Wif 
 qo Bo 

1  i B  
 w w 
or
ViDf 
S  S 
g gr
 
1  S  S  S or 
qo Bo

1  i B  wc gr
 w w 
 Fill – Up
Produced Oil @ Wi ≤ Wif or Vi ≤ ViDf
Wif VDViDf
N p  qo   qo 
iw Bw iw Bw
2 DIMENSIONAL DISPLACEMENT
SYSTEM
 After Fill–Up
Np 
 EsViD VD
N pf
Bo
 Injected water volume:

 Vi 
  mod el  VD
Wi   VD 
Bw
 Cumulative Water Production

Wp = (injected water volume after fill-up) – (Volume
of water displacing oil after fill-up)
Wp 
ViD  ViDf VD

E s  ViDf VD
Bw Bw
Wp 
ViD  Es VD
Bw
 WOR @ surface
WOR = dWp / dNp
 Tabulation
ViD Es Es – ViDf ViD - Es Wi Np Wp (WOR)s

By :
Septoratno Siregar
THREE DIMENSIONAL DISPLACEMENT
General
 Three dimensional displacement can be solved using

numerical simulation method
 We need to input fluid properties, petrophysics,

pressure and production data from a reservoir which
is divided into a number of grid blocks
THREE DIMENSIONAL DISPLACEMENT
General
 Grid size and time step size selection:

 the model represents the reservoir well
 spend minimum computation cost and time
INJECTION EFFICIENCY
By :
Septoratno Siregar
General
 E  E A x EV x E D
swept area
EA 
total area
E A can be estimated from graphical correlatio n
(Craig - Geffen - Morse)
EV with Stiles or
Dykstra - Parsons - Johnson method
E D with Buckley - Leverett and Welge method
General
 EA = Areal sweep efficiency
 EV = Vertical Sweep efficiency (represents vertical

heterogeneity or layering)
 ED = Displacement Efficiency
General
 ED can be improved by :
 Using solvent that is miscible with oil (e.g.:alcohol,
propane, LPG). This solvent is expensive (in practice, the
solvent is used in limited amount / slug)
 Using cheaper fluids (e.g.hydrocarbon, CO2) which are

miscible with oil at certain temperature, pressure and
composition
General
 It is possible that by improving ED, the EA and EV

decreases
 For example: Miscible gas injection (very high

mobility) can cause fingering and segregation ( by
gravity) which can result in low total Injection
efficiency
 Solution: Combination of injection fluids (e.g.water

alternating with gas)
PLANNING AN INJECTION PROGRAM
By :
Septoratno Siregar
General
 Important things in an injection program :

1. Well location (injector-producer)
2. Injection-Production Well Pattern
3. Injection Pressure and Rate (Injectivity) Reservoir
performance forecast
4. Injection Facilities
5. Additives
6. Potential trouble (scale, corrosion, formation damage, etc)
General
4. Reservoir performance forecast

5. Injection Facilities
6. Additives
7. Potential trouble (scale, corrosion, formation
damage, etc)
Location
 Recommendation based on Remaining Oil

Distribution Map
 Iso-Permeability map can help in determining the

dominant flow direction, prevent early breakthrough.
Injection Depth
 Reservoir Depth
 Injection Depth and Perforation Interval

Drilling Operation
 Drilling operation where there is a need for a well

but there is no well now
Work Over
 Based on well status report, we decide whether or

not the well should be converted
 Example: an abandoned well may be reopened as a

production or injection well.
Injection Pressure & Rate
 Injection Pressure and Rate are interdependent

(Darcy equation)
 Question: which one should be determined first?

Flow Rate & Injection Pressure
 Our wish is to maximize injection rate to get a

maximum production rate, thus profit
 The minimum injection rate is the one which results

in the minimum oil production rate (Economic limit)
Flow Rate & Injection Pressure
 The injection rate is limited by the maximum

injection pressure controlled by the formation
strength before fracturing occurs
 The formation resistance to fracture could be

provided by an Injectivity Test or Leak Off Test
Reservoir Performance Forecast
 Forecasting reservoir performance is important so

that we know beforehand whether or not the EOR
project will be technically and economically feasible
Injection Facilities
 Knowing injection fluid type, flow rate and injection

pressure data, we are able to determine the type
and size of pumps, pipes, tanks, filters etc.
Additives
 Chemical reactions occur when injection fluid gets in

contact with reservoir rock and fluids; this could lead
to problems, such as swelling, scale, corrosion, etc
 Additives such as corrosion inhibitors, bactericides

etc could prevent those problems to happen; we
need multidisciplinary expertise
Operational Aspect
 Production :
 Operation, tools and equipments at the surface
 Reservoir:
 Isopach maps, isobar maps injection pattern, injection
wells location, reservoir performance forecast
 Drilling :
 Drill new wells
Operational Aspect
 Factors to be considered in choosing Injection

pattern :
 Structure:fault, dip, size
 Stratigraphy: permeability distribution
 Wells that already exist (location and distribution)
 Topography of the field
 Legal, environment
 Economic
The End
FACTORS AFFECTING EOR
THANK YOU

CHAPTER 02 Common Conditions in EOR

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CHAPTER 02 Common Conditions in EOR

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COMMON CONDITIONS FOR

ALL EOR PROCESSES

Factors Affecting EOR

 Remaining Oil Reserves

 Depth Injection Pressure

 Depth Compressor Power

 If density difference between displacing & displaced

 In high frontal displacement velocity, dip effect

 Water tends to flow faster at the bottom (gravity

 Gas tends to flow faster at the top (gravity override)

 Relative Permeability, Krw, Kro

 It is a very important factor

Remaining Oil Reserve

 High Oil Remaining Reserves : good EOR project

 Sor from the previous process (thus So prior to EOR)

 Lower Sor gives less benefit to EOR project, because:

 An important factor when selecting EOR method

 Important factor in mobility ratio controlling the

 Critical success factor in immiscible displacement

 Velocity and saturation change in one direction at

 Could occur in:

perforated across the entire formation thickness

 Saturations are uniformly distributed across the

 Diffused flow condition → uniform saturation at all

 Kro & Krw is a uniform function of So and Sw → one

Diffused flow condition :

 effect were ignored

 Little Injection Rate Capillary Zone Transition >>

 Vertical equilibrium condition is fulfilled

 Diffused flow condition, since the displacement rate

 Kr measurement results should actually be used only

 Darcy Equation for linear flow

 Water Flow Fraction at any point

 Under Gravity Force :

 f w up dip  f w down dip, because gravity force

 Capillary Pressure Gradient Effect

PC dPC Sw

 Sw = f(x) is unknown → δPc/ δx is hard to be

 δPc/ δx → is needed in Displacement Calculation

 In the Sw vs x graph, Sw jumps from Swc to Swf (at the sat.

 In the Pc vs Sw curve, δPc/δSw is max at sat. front

 Thus, δPc/δx will be max at sat. front

 Behind the front (where the fw is between 0 and 1,

 It means δPc/δSw & δSw/δx are small, thus δPc/δx could

1 Sin θ = 0 (horizontal displacement)

 Capillary Pressure Gradient neglected

 Constant Temperature for certain μo & μw

 Fractional Flow Curve

 Basic Equation for 1-dimensional immiscible

 Used to determine the velocity of a moving plane of

mass rate in - mass rate out  mass rate of accumulation

 Mass accumulation rate in pore volume of

 Assume: Diffused Flow Condition

 Assume Incompressible Displacement (ρw =

qW  qT fW  dfW INCOMPRESS IBLE

 For qT=qi , the plane with constant Sw is proportional

 The position of the constant Sw plane at various

 A point in the reservoir has more than one (three)

 Buckley – Leverett Equation can be used to

 Reservoir with a dip angle k k ro A  g sin 

 Welge (1952):integrate saturation distribution from

 Wi = quantity of injected water

 Sw max = (1 – Sor) reaches position x1 ( with : Vsw ~

 Average Sw can be determined by integrating Sw