Partial fraction

Prtial fraction : is a method enable us to deal with relative functions F(x) =

P(x) / G(x) to express them in form of sum of partial fractions.
Fractions is two kinds

 2- Proper  2 – Improper
 Deg of P(x) is smaller than deg of  Deg of P(x) is greater than deg of
G(x) G(x)
 Ex :𝑥 4 + 𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 + 5  Ex : 3𝑥 3 + 4𝑥 + 5
𝑥2 + 2
𝑥5 +3
Note :
to Solve improper fractions we should turn it to proper one by long division
 The steps to solve proper partial
fractions :
 1- analysis for the Denominator
 2- Put some constants according
to four cases.
 3- Find the value of constants
 The four cases are :
 1- Prime factor of deg one distinict
(not repeated)
 2- Prime factor of deg one
repeated
 3- Prime factor of deg tow not
repeated irreducible
 4- Prime factor of deg tow
Repeated irreducible
Laws of sol and examples on the
four cases : Case 2 : 
 The law for case 1 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
F(x)= + +
𝐴 𝐵 𝐶 (𝑥−𝑎) (𝑥−𝑎)^2 (𝑥−𝑎)^𝑛
 F(x) = 𝑎1 + 𝑎2 + 𝑎3 2 2
−𝑥 +2𝑥+4 −𝑥 +2𝑥+4 𝐴 𝐵
ex: 𝑥 3+2𝑥2 = 𝑥 2(𝑥+2) = = 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 +
 Ex:2x+5 ÷ 𝑥 4 − 𝑥 − 2 𝐶
− 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 +
sol : 𝑥+2
2x+5 ÷ (x-2) (x+1) 4=A(𝑥)(𝑥 +1)+B(𝑥 +1)+c (𝑥 2 )
Then at x=0 B=2
𝐴 𝐵
= (𝑥−2) + (𝑥+1) at x=-2 c=-1
at x=2 A=0
A(x+1)+B(x-2)=2x+5 −𝑥 2 +2𝑥+4 2 −1
=𝑥 2 + 𝑥+2
- at x=2 .. A=3 𝑥 3 +2𝑥 2
- at x=-1 .. B=-1
2𝑥+5 3 −1
= 𝑥 2 −𝑥−2= (𝑥−2) + (𝑥+1)
 Case 3 :  Case 4 :
𝐴𝑥+𝐵 𝐶𝑥+𝐷
F(x)=(𝑥 2−𝑎1) + (𝑥 2 +𝑎2)
ex:
5𝑥 𝐴𝑥+𝐵 𝐶
= +
(𝑥 2 +𝑥+1)(𝑥−2) (𝑥 2 +𝑥+1) (𝑥−2)
=
5𝑥+0𝑥 2 =(Ax+B)(x-2)+C(𝑥 2 +𝑥 + 1)

- at x=2
10
0(Ax+B)+7c=10 ….. C= 7
- at x=0
10
0=-2B +c …. 0=-2B+ 7
5
B=7
-
10 5 10
5𝑥 − 7 𝑥+7
2 = 2 + 7
(𝑥 +𝑥+1)(𝑥−2) (𝑥 +𝑥+1) (𝑥−2)