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KERANGKA PRESENTASI

PART 1 – INTERPRETING TEXTURES

PART 2 – COMMON COMPONENTS, TEXTURES AND STRUCTURE IN VOLCANIC DEPOSITS

PART 3 – ALTERATION : AN INTEGRAL PART OF TEXTURAL EVOLUTION

PART 1 - INTERPRETING TEXTURES
 The development of textures in volcanic deposits can be
considered in terms of three main stages:
(1) creation of original textures by eruption and
emplacement processes;
(2) modification of original textures by syn-volcanic
processes (oxidation, degassing, hydration, vapourphase alteration, high-
temperature devitrification,
hydrothermal alteration);
(3) modification by post-volcanic processes (hydration,
devitrification, hydrothermal alteration, diagenesis,
metamorphism, deformation, weathering).
VOLCANIC ERUPTION
PART 2 - COMMON COMPONENTS,
TEXTURES AND STRUCTURE IN
VOLCANIC DEPOSITS
Phenocrysts and porphyritic texture

 Porphyritic texture consists of relatively large, euhedral or subhedral phenocrysts

dispersed in much finer grained or glassy groundmas. It is characteristic of
coherent lavas, syn-volcanic intrusions and clasts derived from these. Porphyritic
texture is generally interpreted to form in magmas that have cooled and
solidified in two stages. Some crystals grow during early, slow, subsurface
cooling of magma. When the magma erupts, it consists of these already solid
crystals (phenocrysts) suspended in melt. Following eruption, relatively rapid
solidification of the melt results in formation of the groundmass. In some cases,
the melt is chilled to volcanic glass, with or without quench crystals; otherwise
the melt crystallizes to a fine-grained aggregate of interlocking crystals.
Phenocrysts and porphyritic texture
Crystals and crystal fragments

 Crystals and crystal fragments are found in a wide variety of volcaniclastic

deposits. They are ultimately derived from porphyritic magmas and from
crystalline or porphyritic country rock.
 Both primary volcanic and surface sedimentary processes of fragmentation
can effectively separate crystals from their host, and concentrate them in
crystal-rich volcaniclastic deposits (Cas, 1983).
Crystals and crystal fragments
Vesicles and Volcanic glass

 Vesicles are also formed by steam bubbles enclosed in some fine-grained,

moist ash deposits generated by explosive eruptions (Lorenz,1974; Rosi,
1992). Amygdales are former vesicles that have been partially or
completely infilled with secondary minerals.
 Rapid quenching of silicate melts produces solid
volcanic glass. Volcanic glass may be non-vesicular,
partly vesicular or highly vesicular (pumiceous or
scoriaceous).
Vesicles and Volcanic glass
Devitrification

 Spherulites
Spherulites are a characteristic product of the high-temperature devitrification of natural glass. In
formerly glassy silicic igneous rocks, crystal fibres consist of alkali feldspar and/or quartz (or
cristobalite). In mafic rocks, spherulite fibres consist of plagioclase and/or pyroxene.
 Lithophysae
Lithophysae are spherulites that have a central vug (Wright, 1915; Ross and Smith, 1961). They
begin to grow at an early stage in the cooling history,
when the hot glass is still able to deform plastically, and involve nucleation of spherulites on small
vesicles. As spherulitic crystallization proceeds, the vesicles are expanded by the exsolving
volatiles.
 Micropoikilitic texture
Micropoikilitic texture consists of small (<1 mm), commonly irregular crystals of one mineral that
completely enclose even smaller crystals of another mineral. Micropoikilitic texture comprising
optically continuous quartz that encloses laths or spherulites of feldspar is especially common in
rhyolites (4) and has been generated artificially in devitrification experiments on rhyolitic glass
(Lofgren, 1971).
Devitrification

Spherulites Lithophysae
Micropoikilitic texture
Perlite, Pumice and scoria

 Perlite is volcanic glass in which there are abundant,

delicate, intersecting, arcuate and gently curved cracks
that surround cores of intact glass, generally less than a
few millimetres across.
Perlitic cracks develop in response to hydration of the
glass. Perlitic fractures can develop in any hydrated coherent
glass, including that in glassy lavas, shallow intrusions
and densely welded pyroclastic deposits. They may
occur in the glassy domains between spherulites in
partially devitrified obsidian.
 Pumice is highly vesicular volcanic glass (with or without crystals). The term scoria is usually
used for pumice of mafic to intermediate composition. Pumice and scoria pyroclasts are
formed by explosive disruption of vesiculating magma.
Perlite
Pumice dan Scoria
Achneliths, bombs, and blocky juvenils clast.

 In explosive eruptions of low viscosity magmas, some pyroclasts are ejected

in a molten condition and drawn out into elongate ribbons or
aerodynamically-shaped achneliths and bombs (Macdonald, 1972; Walker
and Croasdale, 1972; Williams and McBirney).
Fiamme and pseudofiamme

 The term fiamme has been applied to glassy lenses with

flame-like shapes in welded pyroclastic deposits
Joints

 Joints and
fractures related to cooling are very conspicuous
features of lavas, especially those emplaced under
water, and they strongly influence the shapes of clasts in
associated autoclastic deposits.
Joints
PART 3 - Alteration: An integral part of
textural evolution

 After eruption, volcanic deposits are inevitably subject

to a sequence of processes: devitrification, hydration,
diagenetic and hydrothermal alteration, diagenetic
compaction, metamorphism and tectonic deformation.
Each process is influenced by the existing deposit
texture but also overprints and modifies this texture.
Consequently, as these post-eruptive processes take
place, the texture evolves along a complex (but
predictable) path. We stress the concept that textures in
volcanic deposits evolve and should not be considered
immutable features once created during eruption,
fragmentation and/or flowage, and final emplacement.
Thank you