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• QOS Introduction
• Scheduling in cRNC and WBTS
• Scheduling in mcRNC
• QoS with IPsec
• QOS Parameters Configuration
• QOS Planning Example/Exercise
• QOS Introduction
• Scheduling in cRNC and WBTS
• Scheduling in mcRNC
• QoS with IPsec
• QOS Parameters Configuration
• QOS Planning Example/Exercise
The planned QoS scenario should reflect the marketing and sales strategy of the
network operator. Thus there is large number of different possible QoS scenarios.
The QoS scenario is formed with combination of different QoS attributes and QoS enforcing
mechanisms.
The main QoS attributes used in mobile networks are:
• Maximum bit rate for the connection
• Minimum bit rate for the connection
• Priority of the connection relative to other connections
• Maximum delay (for RT streaming)
• Monthly quota
• Some operators can also differentiate subscriptions by different device offering (high-low category UE
types etc.)
These QoS attributes are enforced in the radio network with combinations of multiple features
and mechanisms.
Flexi Internet+
Intranet
BTS
SGS
N the
QoS parameters deliver
user/service priority to RAN Flexi NG
DPI
6 © Nokia Siemens Networks RN30036EN40GLA0
QoS Enforcement in RAN
• Throughput cannot exceed MBR values
• GBR and NBR values are fulfilled in SPI order
• The excess capacity after fulfilling GBR and NBR is shared
according to SPI specific scheduling weights (higher priority gets more)
Subscribers Services
Differentiation Differentiation
QoS 5 Operator VoIP
QoS 5
QoS 4 Audio/video
QoS 4 Gold stream
QoS 3
QoS 3
Cell congestion
Subscribers
Mbit/s
in the same cell Premium service
for Gold subscribers
QoS 5 21
QoS 4 Gold
QoS 3
QoS 2 Silver
Mbit/s
QoS 1 Bronze Service degrade
for Silver and Bronze
QoS 0 21
QoS 4 Audio/video 21
stream
Streaming – guaranteed bit
QoS 3 rate 2 Mbps
QoS 2
Mbit/s
QoS 1
QoS 0 21
P2P P2P traffic – lowest priority
RAN
NodeB RNC
SPI SchWeight IUB SPI SPI
Priority
Additional bytes:
In a VLAN-tagged frame 4 bytes are added between the Type-Field and the Data-
Field.
Metering: Some mechanisms measure the rate of traffic to enforce a certain policy
(e.g. rate limiting, shaping, scheduling, etc.).
Policing: it is the QoS component that limits incoming traffic flow to a configured bit
rate (excess traffic is dropped).
Shaping: it is the QoS feature component that regulates outgoing traffic flow to a
configured bit rate (excess traffic is delayed).
QoS profile 5
QoS profile 4
QoS profile 3
Best Effort traffic
QoS profile 2
QoS profile 1
QoS profile 0
Best effort QoS differentiation
Congestion control
and QoS
enforcement
Packet
Network
• QOS Introduction
• Scheduling in cRNC and WBTS
• Scheduling in mcRNC
• QoS with Ipsec
• QOS Parameters Configuration
• QOS Planning Example/Exercise
• cRNC supports a combination of Strict Priority scheduler (SP) and Weighted Fair
Queuing scheduler (WFQ)
– EF queue shall be handled with a strict priority scheme and no weight
is associated
– AF1, AF2, AF3, AF4, and BE queues are processed with WFQ
PHB name Queue Queue Queue Queue Min Thd (%) Max Max Exp. VLAN
schedule length weight priority Thd (%) Drop Weight priority
(%)
Queue weight defines the share of the capacity that the queue
gets from the capacity left over from the queue Q1.
WFQ rule:
QueueAverageRate AvailableCapacity QueueWeigh t / QueueWeigh t
ActiveQueues
• QOS Introduction
• Scheduling in cRNC and WBTS
• Scheduling in mcRNC
• QoS with Ipsec
• QOS Parameters Configuration
• QOS Planning Example/Exercise
Configured Static
via ACL rules mapping
• Real Queueing provides dedicated physical queues (buffers) per IP based route
• Adds second level of scheduling
• Scheduler type: 1SP + 5WFQ
• Supported for all logical interfaces (user plane)
• No significant performance penalty compared to Virtual Queueing, yet higher precision achieved
• Queue management
• Excess packets are discarded by E-RED algorithm
• Queues can be configured via PHB profile (IPHB), e.g. queue length, weight, and thresholds
Iub Iur
RNC 1 RNC 2
Iub (D-RNC role) Iur (S-RNC role)
• IPA RNC IP based route scheduler requires a dedicated queue for Iur
• Queue weight parameter „ratio“ defines Iub / Iur share
• mcRNC supports queueing Iur traffic in the usual queues
• Simpler and more consistent resource sharing via common DSCP based scheduling
Iub Iub
Iur
Iur
IPA-RNC IP based route mcRNC IP based route
• QOS Introduction
• Scheduling in cRNC and WBTS
• Scheduling in mcRNC
• QoS with Ipsec
• QOS Parameters Configuration
• QOS Planning Example/Exercise
• In tunnel mode, when encryption is enabled, the DSCP field carried in the inner IP
header cannot be inspected by the external devices. In order to avoid this
problem, the DCSP is copied from the inner IP header to the outer IP header.
Thus QoS can be applied by the network based on this outer header.
DSCP DSCP
IP Header ESP Header IV Original IP Header UDP UDP Payload Padding ESP ESP
Header Trailer Authentication
Anti-replay window protects the system against the replay by an attacker of a session packets,
potentially causing a malfunction.
The anti-replay window mechanism is based on the checking the sequence number of the
received packets:
•If the packet has been already received or if it occurs in the past (outside the rear end of the
window) the packet is discarded
•If the packet falls within the window and it has not been received already, the packet is
accepted
•If the packet is received ahead of the window, the packet is accepted and the window will slide
forward.
A limitation of the anti-replay window is that it requires the packets to arrive roughly in order. If the
packets suffer sufficiently high reordering when traversing the network, the lower priority packets
(which arrive later) will be dropped by the receiver since they miss the window rear limit.
The tolerable level of reordering depends on the size of the anti-replay window. This situation
might happen when the packets traverse schedulers with multiple queues for different QoS classes
and there is some congestion. It should be noted that within a given QoS class, packet reordering
should be a rare case.
Window shift
Anti –replay sliding window
Anti –replay window size
69 68 3 4 64 65 66 67 is configurable by the
parameter
Window size 64
Anti-replay drop
antiReplayWindowSiz
e
IP CAC is applied for all user plane, control plane and management plane connections
As soon as IPsec is enabled, the overhead introduced by IPsec encapsulation is taken into account
in the evaluation of the IP CAC algorithms
The overhead is introduced by means of overhead factors which scale the bit rate
The IP CAC is implemented so that CAC sums up all transport bearers bit rates of individual IP
connections and compares that sum to the total available bit rate for particular link
IP Interface Committed Bit Rate >= Σ VPN bit rate of connection + IP Interface Signalling
Committed Bit Rate + IP Interface DCN Committed Bit Rate
• QOS Introduction
• Scheduling in cRNC and WBTS
• Scheduling in mcRNC
• QoS with Ipsec
• QOS Parameters Configuration
• QOS Planning Example/Exercise
Packet
Network mcRNC
Flexi Rel.2
FPR FTM
-2xSP+2xWFQ scheduling -Traffic type to DSCP marking
-p-bit to queue mapping -DSCP to PHB mapping
-Tail drop regardless of the -PHB to p-bit mapping
PCP when buffer gets full -SP+5xWFQ Scheduling
-WFQ weights are configurable
......
•PHB Weights -
assuredForwardingClas
s1 ....
.....
53 © Nokia Siemens Networks RN30036EN40GLA0
FTM/AXC – L2SWI
•Priority Queues to
PCP mapping
•Priority Queues
Weights
•Priority Queues to
DSCP mapping
WBTS
Packet
Router
Network mcRNC
WBTS
• 4-SP
• 4-WFQ with configurable weights
• 2-SP + 2-WFQ with configurable weights (default)
• 1-SP + 3-WFQ with configurable weights
• QOS Introduction
• Scheduling in cRNC and WBTS
• Scheduling in mcRNC
• QoS with Ipsec
• QOS Parameters Configuration
• QOS Planning Example/Exercise
Switch
Fiber
VLAN-10 U/C
VLAN-3 OAM
WBTS-10
VLAN-4 SYNC
Question-2
DELAY – which WBTS requires more attention for minDelay
and maxDelay thresholds?
46 EF 6 SP N/A
34 AF4 5 WFQ 60
All Other
DSCP
values BE 0 WFQ 1
BTS-20
VLAN-10
BTS-10
Ethernet Scheduling in
WBTS is performed in
egress ethernet port by
mapping of DSCP or P-Bit
values to the 4 or 6
available queues.