Introduction to analysis &

Design Of Beams For Flexure

BY
Y.BOOPATHI/LECTURER -CIVIL
 Introduction
• Most reinforced concrete structures can be divided into
beams and slabs subjected primarily to flexure (bending)
and columns subjected to axial compression accompanied in
most cases by flexure.
• The load P applied at point A is carried by the strip of slab
shown shaded. The end reactions from this slab strip load
the beams at B and C. the beams, in turn, carry the slab
reactions to the columns at D, E, F, and G.
• The beam reactions cause axial loads in the columns. The
slab in Fig. 3.1 is assumed to transfer loads in one direction
and hence is called one way slab. If there were no beams,
the slab would carry the load in two directions. Such a slab
is referred to as two-way slab. Two way slab action will be
discussed in Upcoming Chapters.
 Analysis versus Design
• Two different types of problems arise in the study
of RC.
1. Analysis: Given a cross-section, concrete
strength, reinforcement size, location, and yield
strength, and compute to maintain equilibrium
condition.
2. Design: Given a factored load effects such as
Msd, and select a suitable cross-section,
including dimensions, concrete strength,
reinforcement, and so on resistance capacity.
• Although both types of problems utilize the same
fundamental principles, the procedure followed is
different in each case.
• Analysis is easier as all the decisions concerning
reinforcement location, beam size and so on have
been made and it is only necessary to apply the
strength calculation principles to determine the
capacity.
The fundamental principles involved in the analysis and
design of reinforced concrete beams are as follows.
• At any cross section there exist internal forces which
can be resolved in to components normal and tangential
to the section.
• The normal components are known as the bending
stresses (tension on one side of the neutral axis and
compression on the other), and their function is to resist
the bending moment at the section.
• The tangential components are known as the shear
stresses, and they resist the transverse or shear forces.
 Behavior of RC beams
• The tension caused by bending moment is
mainly resisted by the steel reinforcement
while the concrete alone is usually capable of
resisting the corresponding compression.
• There are three distinct stages of behavior for a
reinforced concrete beam when the load is
gradually increased from zero to the magnitude
that will cause the beam to fail
Uncracked concrete Stage:
• Low loads
• The bending moment in a flexural member is so small
that the tension stress in the concrete doesn’t exceed the
modulus of rupture, no flexural tension cracks will
occur and the entire concrete is effective in resisting
stress, in compression on one side and in tension on the
other side of the neutral axis.
• no tension cracks develop the strain and stress
distribution is essentially the same as in an elastic,
homogeneous beam
• Bending stresses can be obtained from:
•  = My/Igross

(n - 1)A s'
c fc
fs'
As' s'

d h

As s fs

ct fct b
b
(n - 1)A s
x-section strains stresses un cracked transformed section
Cracked Concrete Stage:
Moderate loads,
• The bending moment exceeds the cracking moment of
the section, tension cracks start to develop from the
bottom extreme fiber and propagate quickly upward to
or close to the level of the neutral plane, which in turn
shifts upward with progressive cracking.
• In well-designed beams, the width of these cracks is so
small (hairline cracks) that they are not objectionable
from the viewpoint of either corrosion protection or
appearance.
• The stiffness of the beam is reduced due to the reduction in
the effective area of concrete, the slope of the moment
curvature diagram (shown by B-C-D in Fig. 3.3) is also
reduced.
• The cracking moment can be obtained using the maximum
tensile stress equal to the modulus of rupture of concrete,
that is:
• Mcr = crI/C, where cr = 0.7fck
 Stage 2

(n - 1)A s'
c fc b
fs'
As' s'

d h

As s fs
(n - 1)A s
b
x-section strains stresses cracked transformed section
• Ultimate Stage:
• At higher loads (close to the ultimate load), stresses
and strains rise correspondingly and are no longer
proportional and the distribution of concrete stresses
on the compression side of the beam is of the same
shape as the stress strain curve.
• Failure can be caused either due to the attainment of
the yield point in steel in moderately reinforced beams
or due to crushing of concrete in the compression zone
in highly reinforced beams.
 (n - 1)A s'
c fc
b
As' s'

d h

As s fs
(n - 1)A s
b
x-section strains stresses cracked transformed section
 Moment-curvature diagram for a
beam under increasing load

Failure
Reinforcement yields

M
Service load

 = /y

Cracking


 Basic principles and assumptions in
flexure theory of RC
• Internal stress resultants such as bending
moments, shear forces etc. at any section of a
member are in equilibrium with the external
action effects.
• Plane sections before bending remain plane after
bending
• The strain in the reinforcement is equal to the
strain in the concrete at the same level.
• The tensile strength of concrete is neglected.
• The stresses in concrete and reinforcement can be
computed from the strains using their - curves.
• The behavior of the concrete under compression
is as shown in Fig. 3.3. The equivalent rectangular
stress block as recommended by EBCS 2 is
shown in Fig. (Concrete is assumed to fail when
the compressive strain reaches its ultimate value.
The compressive stress-strain curve for concrete
may be assumed to be rectangular trapezoidal,
parabolic or any other shape,(which is easier for
computation) provided that it adequately predicts
the test results).
• The stress -strain relation ship of the
reinforcement.
• The strain diagrams at the ultimate limit state.
• a) The maximum compressive strain in the
concrete is taken to be
• - 0.0035 in bending
• - 0.002 in axial compression
• b) The maximum tensile strain in the
reinforcement is taken to be 0.01
 Flexural Failures
• Tension, Compression and balanced Failure
• Tension failure
• If the steel content of the section is small, the
steel will reach the yield strength fyd before the
concrete reaches its maximum capacity. Such a
beam is said to be under reinforced.
• K≤K’ , so it is under reinforced.
• K=MED /bd2fck
• b = width of beam,
• d= effective depth,=h-cover-dia of main rft/2-
dia of stirrups,
• K’=0.168 max value.
• Area of steel reinforcement, Ast = MED /fyd*Z
• Z/d ratio refer from table C5.
• Fyd = fyk/1.15
Compression failure
• If the steel content of the section is large, the concrete
may reach its maximum capacity before the steel
yields. Such a beam is said to be over reinforced.
• The flexural strength of the section is reached when the
strain in the extreme compression fiber of the concrete
is approximately 0.0035.
• Compression failure through crushing of the concrete is
sudden, of an almost explosive nature, and occurs
without warning.
• K≥K’ , so it is over reinforced.
• K=MED /bd2fck
• b = width of beam,
• d= effective depth,=h-cover-dia of main rft/2-
dia of stirrups,
• K’=0.168 max value.
Compression reinforcement
As2 =(MED –M’)/fsc (d-d2)
• If d2 /x >0.375 then As2 can replace by
1.6(1- d2 /x)As2
• M’=K’bd2 fck
• Fsc=700(Xu -d2 )/Xu ≤ fyd
• d2 = effective depth of compression
reinforcement.
• Xu = (δ-0.4)d
• δ = redistribution ratio =0.85
• Total area of steel ,
• As1 = M’/(fyd *z) +As2 fsc/fyd
• Balanced failure
• At a particular steel content, the crushing of
concrete and yielding of reinforcement occur
simultaneously. Such a beam has balanced
reinforcement. This failure also exhibits a
brittle type of failure which marks the
boundary between ductile tension failure and
brittle compression failure.
 problems
1. A 400mm by 250mm simply supported beam
structure spanning with 5.5m is subjected to a
live load of 16kN/m is additional to a self
weight of the beam is made of using materials
concrete grade C25/30 & steel grade of S500
class I works. Assume any missing data if it
required reasonable way? .Design for flexural
resistances of beams.
• 2. A 600mm by 300mm simply supported
beam structure spanning with 6.7m is
subjected to a live load of 48kN/m is
additional to a self weight of the beam is
made of using materials concrete grade
C30/37 & steel grade of S500 class I works.
Assume any missing data if it required
reasonable way? .Design for flexural
resistances of beams.
 Shear reinforcement design
• Shear reinforcement resist the shear force act
on beams.
• Shear stress distribution over the depth is
unknown.
• Shear stress distribution maximum at the
neutral axis.
• Simply supported beam is Zero force @ mid
span, & Maximum @ supports.
Typical failure mode due to shear for a
simply supported beam
• The shear stresses in most beams are far
below the direct shear strength of the
concrete. The real concern is with the
diagonal tension stress, resulting from the
combination of shear stress and longitudinal
stress.
locations of critical combinations of shear and moment
 Types of shear cracks
• If flexural stresses are negligibly small at the
particular location, diagonal cracks called web-
shear cracks form mostly at or near the neutral
axis where the shear stresses are maximum and
propagate from that location .
• If the shear stresses are negligibly small at a
location, vertical cracks called flexural cracks
form at the bottom of the beam where the
flexural stresses are larger and propagate to ward
the neutral axis
• when the diagonal tension stresses at the
upper end of one or more of theses cracks
exceeds the tensile strength of the concrete,
the crack bends in a diagonal direction and
continues to grow in length and width theses
cracks are known as flexural shear cracks and
are more common than web-shear cracks,
Diagonal tension cracking in reinforced
concrete beams
 Prevent of diagonal crack
• In order to prevent this diagonal crack,
inclined reinforcement (bent up bars) or
vertical reinforcement (stirrups), which are
called shear reinforcements are provided as
shown in figure below
• Shear reinforcement introduced to prevent
failure
Shear reinforcement in the form of
bent-up bars and stirrups
 Formulas as per code books
• Vsd = SHEAR FORCE @ CRITICAL STRESS,
• VED = Vsd /bd
• Max shear capacity , Vrd max
• Assuming Cotθ = 2.5 ,
• Refer table C7
• Shear reinforcement (EBCS 2, clause 6.2.3(3)
• Assuming Z=0.9d
• Asw/S ≥ VsD /(Z*fywd*Cotθ)
Minimum shear links (EBCS 2 P.N 163)
• Asw/S = (0.08 fck0.5 / fyk )*b*Sinα (α =90 ͦ)
 Spacing of reinforcement
• Max spacing , S max = 0.75d ≤ 600mm
3. A 400mm by 250mm simply supported beam
structure spanning with 5.5m is subjected to a
live load of 16kN/m is additional to a self
weight of the beam is made of using materials
concrete grade C25/30 & steel grade of S500
class I works. Assume any missing data if it
required reasonable way? .Design for shear
resistances of beams.
• 4. A 600mm by 300mm simply supported
beam structure spanning with 7.6m is
subjected to a live load of 48kN/m is
additional to a self weight of the beam is
made of using materials concrete grade
C30/35 & steel grade of S500 class I works.
Assume any missing data if it required
reasonable way? .Design for flexural
resistances of beams.
 Flanged Beams (T and L-beams)
• When beams are monolithically cast with
continuous slabs the upper part of the beam
will act with part of the slab to resist
longitudinal compression in the beam. The
resulting beam cross-section will become “T”
or inverted “L” as shown below.
be be

bw bw
• The section provides a large concrete cross-
section of the flange to resist compressive
stresses due to large positive bending
moments.
• The stress distribution varies across the width
of the section, but EBCS-2,2015: recommends
an effective width for uniform stresses.
Effective width of flanges (all limit
states) P.N-57 EBCS 2
• P in T beams the effective flange width, over
which uniform conditions of stress can be
assumed, depends on the web and flange
dimensions, the type of loading, the span, the
support conditions and the transverse
reinforcement.
• The effective width of flange should be based
on the distance lo between points of zero
moment,
• The effective flange width beff for a T beam of
L beam maybe derived as:

beff   beff, i  bw  b
• beff, i  0.2bi  0.1l o  0.2l o & beff, i  bi
• beff = 2*beff1+bw
• Two cases when it is subjected to positive
bending moment. The neutral axis of the T
beam may fall either in the flange or in the
web as it depends on the proportion of the
cross-section, the amount of the tensile steel
and strength of the material.
– When the neutral axis lies within the flange it is treated as
rectangular beam of width .
– When the neutral axis lies within the web, the section acts
as T or inverted L beam, accordingly, accounting the
geometry.
• When the N.A. falls in the flange Mmax ≤ Mbal
• , the beam is designed as a rectangular beam
with b  be
• Mcf > Mmax (Mu)
• Mcf = 0.567*fck*beff*hf*(d-hf/2)
• Mu= bending moment due to loads.
• When the N.A. falls in the web, Mmax > Mbal
• Mcf > Mmax (Mu) the beam is to be designed
as a T- beam ,L-beams,
• M bal = 0.168*fck*b*d2
• Mmax ≤ Mbal ,compression reinforcement is
not required,
• Mmax > Mbal ,compression reinforcement is
required,
Compression reinforcement
As2 =(MED –M’)/fsc (d-d2)
• M’=K’bd2 fck
• Fsc=700(Xu -d2 )/Xu ≤ fyd
• d2 = effective depth of compression
reinforcement.
• Xu = (δ-0.4)d
• δ = redistribution ratio =0.85
• Total area of steel ,
• As1 = M’/(fyd *z) +As2 fsc/fyd
5.A floor system 150mm thick slab is supported
/framed by RC beams spaced at 3m on centre
lines with the 4 slabs acts as T or L beams. The
beams are simply supported and have an
effective length of 7.2m and an overall depth
of 400mm with breadth of 350mm.the floor is
proposed to serve 5kN/m2 live load Consider
floor finish of 60mm thickness. materials used.
Concrete C32/35 & Steel grade S-500 ,class -1
Works.Design the t beams for flexure.
Given data:
• b=350mm
• hf=150mm (thickness of slab)
• h=D=400mm(overall depth)
• Fck=32Mpa
• Fyk=500Mpa
• Assume dia of main rft =24mm, Dia of
stirrups=10mm
• Live load =5kN/m2
• Length of beam =7.2m
• Length of centre/centre distance ,b = 3m
• Floor finish thickness=60mm
• Assume the density of floor finish=20kN/m3
6. A 450mm deep x 300mm wide rectangular
beam is required to support office of Dead
load gk = 30.2kN/m and live load qk = 11.5kN/m
over 2 no.6m spans fck=30Mpa ,fyk =
500Mpa.assume 300 mm wide supports, a 50
years design life and a requirement for a 2
hour resistances to fire in an external but
sheltered environment.