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Waves
Learning Outcomes
At the end of this section, you should be able to:
• describe wave motion using vibrations in ropes
and springs, or waves in a ripple tank;
• show an understanding that waves transfer energy
without the transfer of matter;
• state the differences and similarities between a
transverse wave and a longitudinal wave, and
provide appropriate examples of each.
13.1 Introducing Waves
URL
What is a Wave?
• A wave is a disturbance that transfers energy from
one place to another.
• It is made up of periodic motion.
– Periodic motion is motion
repeated at regular intervals.
– The swinging motion of a
pendulum is periodic.
– It moves from A to B, and back
to A at regular intervals.
– When it moves from A to B and
back to A, it completes an
oscillation.
13.1 Introducing Waves
Waves in a Rope
• Kinetic energy from the moving
hand is transferred to the rope.
• This forms a rope wave (a wave
that travels within the rope).
• The rope wave moves from the
hand to the wall (left to right).
• As the wave moves through the
rope, from left to right, the rope
particles (P and Q) move up
and down, about their rest
positions.
• Eventually, the kinetic energy is
transferred from the hand to the
wall.
13.1 Introducing Waves
In summary,
Waves in a Spring
If we move the spring in a left-to-right motion…
(top view)
Waves in a Spring
If we move the spring in a push-and-pull motion…
Transverse Waves
Longitudinal Waves
Question
Describe and explain the motion of the
Styrofoam balls (if any) when the rod is dipped
quickly into the water and then removed.
rod
Styrofoam balls
water
13.1 Introducing Waves
Question
Is the wave formed transverse or longitudinal?
water
Chapter 13 Waves
Learning Outcomes
At the end of this section, you should be able to:
• define, with reference to waves, the terms
speed, frequency, wavelength, period,
amplitude and wavefront;
• recall and apply the relationship
velocity = frequency × wavelength to solve
related problems.
13.2 Properties of Wave Motion
Describing Waves
Crests
The highest points of a transverse wave
Troughs
The lowest points of a transverse wave
Question
Which points on the P S V
wave are crests
and which points
are troughs? Q T
R U
13.2 Properties of Wave Motion
Describing Waves
The amplitude A of a wave is the maximum possible
displacement of a point from its rest position.
P S V
amplitude
(height of crest)
Q T
amplitude
(depth of trough)
R U
13.2 Properties of Wave Motion
Describing Waves
Points along a wave are in phase if they have the same
• direction;
• speed;
• displacement from their rest positions.
Question
P S V
Which points on the
wave are in phase?
Q T
R U
13.2 Properties of Wave Motion
Describing Waves
The wavelength λ of a wave is the shortest distance
between any two points in phase.
P wavelength S V
Q T
wavelength
wavelength
R U
13.2 Properties of Wave Motion
Displacement–distance Graph
The transverse rope wave can be represented using a
displacement–distance graph.
P S V
Q T
R U
Displacement–distance Graph
Displacement–time Graph
The transverse rope wave can also be represented
using a displacement–time graph.
P S V
Q T
R U
13.2 Properties of Wave Motion
Displacement–time Graph
Using the information gathered, we
can then plot the displacement of
ribbon Q over a period of time.
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13.2 Properties of Wave Motion
Describing Waves
The period T of a wave is the time taken to
produce one complete wave.
The SI unit of period is the second (s).
1
f=
T
The SI unit of frequency is the hertz (Hz).
13.2 Properties of Wave Motion
Describing Waves
Wave speed v is the distance travelled by a
wave per second.
Describing Waves
A wavefront is an imaginary line on a wave
that joins all adjacent points that are in phase.
Worked Example
A wave in a string is travelling to the right at 2 m s–1.
The diagram below shows its displacement–distance
graph at t = 0 s.
Displacement/m
P
Q
Distance/m
2 4 6 8
Solution
x/m
P
t=0s Q
d/m
2 4 6 8
x/m
P
t=3s d/m
Q
13.2 Properties of Wave Motion
Worked Example
A transverse wave is travelling to the right at 2 m s–1.
The diagram below is its displacement–distance graph
at t = 0 s.
Displacement/m
P
Q
Distance/m
2 4 6 8
Solution
Displacement/m
P
Q Time/s
1 2 3 4
Chapter 13 Waves
Waves
Acknowledgements
(slides 1−34) water ripples © Epickitemag | Dreamstime.com
(slide 6) rope waves © Marshall Cavendish International
(Singapore) Private Limited
(slide 9) waves in a spring © Marshall Cavendish
International (Singapore) Private Limited
(slide 10) waves in a spring © Marshall Cavendish
International (Singapore) Private Limited
(slides 18, 19, rope wave © Marshall Cavendish
20, 21, 22, 24) International (Singapore) Private Limited