Es nuevo el etanol combustible

Producción de etanol
 Brazilian Production of Sugarcane,
Sugar and Ethanol

Sugar (1000t ) and Ethanol (1000m3)

450.000 30.000
400.000
25.000
350.000
Sugarcane (1000t)

300.000 20.000
250.000
15.000
200.000
150.000 10.000
100.000
5.000
50.000
0 0
70/71

72/73

74/75

76/77

78/79

80/81

82/83

84/85

86/87

88/89

90/91

92/93

94/95

96/97

98/99

00/01

02/03

04/05
Crop Season
Sugarcane Sugar Total Ethanol

Crop Season 05/06 partial results

COMBUSTIBLE
Materias primas
Caña Azucar:Sugarcane – Source of
Green Energy

JUICE SUGAR

BAGASSE Ethanol

LEAVES & TOPS CO-GENERATION

OF ELECTRICITY
 Flowsheet of Sugar and Ethanol
Production
Juice
 Ethanol from Molasses and
Sugars = Suc +
Juice
SUGARCANE
Glu + Fru
MILLING
JUICE FOR SUGAR JUICE FOR ETHANOL

FACTORY DISTILLERY
MASH FERMENTATION
DISTILLATION
MOLASSES
ETHANO
ETHANOL
L
FROM
FROM
MOLASSES
SUGARS
SUGAR ETHANOL
 Fermentation Process
Basic information
– Final ethanol content: 9 %vol
– Final yeast concentration:13%
– Fermentation time: 6-11h
– Average production rate : 450 m3/day
– Total fermenter capacity: 3000 m3
– Yield (stoichiometric): up to 91%
– Temperature: 34-36ºC
 Evolution of Ethanol Yield %
92

91

90

89

88
(%)

87

86

85

84

83

82
1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Year
 Evolution of Fermentation Time (h)
16

15

14

13

12
(h)

11

10

6
1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Year
 Distillation Flow Diagram
Água Água Água
Quente Quente Quente
Água Água Água Tanques medidores
Fria Fria Fria Água
H H H E E E H H H E E E H H H E E E Quente
01 02
Água Água Água
Quente Quente H H
Quente

H H H H1 H H

Água ,Ciclohexano Água ,

Ciclohexano Água
Ciclohexano
, Água
Fria
Ciclohexano
,
Fria Fria Fria

I I1 I I1 I I1 I I1

Armazenagem
Vinhaça Vinhaça Vinhaça
Saída A B C I
Saída A B C I
Saída A B C I2
C I2
de álcool

P P P P Água
Quente
K K K Vapor de
Água Água Água escape
Vinhaça Quente Vinhaça Quente Vinhaça Quente
Entrada Entrada Entrada

Água Água
Vapor de
Condensado
Fria
Condensado
Fria Vapor de
Condensado Água Aparelho - 04
escape escape
Fria Álcool
Aparelho - 01 Aparelho - 02 Aparelho - 03
Setor de Destilação
 Distillation
– Steam consumption: 3-5 kg / L ethanol
– Yield: > 99%
– Residues:
• Vinasse (12-15 L/L): recycled as ferti-irrigation
at the cane fields
– Water consumption:
• 100-120 L / L ethanol (hydrated 93% by weight )
• 140-170 L / L (anhydrous 99.4% by weight)
• Dehydration: Azeotropic (cyclohexane)
Extractive (monoethyleneglycol)
Molecular sieves
 Cane ethanol: From Ethanol fuel
It is available as a by-product of sugar mills producing sugar. It can be used as a
biofuel alternative to gasoline, and is widely used in cars in Brazil. It is becoming an
alternative to gasoline and instead of sugar may be produced as a primary product
out of sugar canes processing.
The energy transformation:
 Now 75 tons of raw sugar cane are produced annually per hectare in Brazil. The
cane delivered to processing plant is called burned and cropped (b&c) and
represents 77% of the mass of raw cane. This reduction is caused because stalks
are separated from the leaves (which are burned and they ashes are left in the field
as fertilizer) and from the roots that remain in ground to sprout for next crop.
Average cane production is 58 tons of b&c per hectare per year.
 Each ton of b&c yields 740 kg of juice (135 kg of sucrose and 605 kg of water) and
260 kg of moist bagasse (130 kg of dry bagasse). Since the higher heating value of
sucrose is 16.5 MJ/kg, and that of the bagasse is 19.2 MJ/kg, the total heating
value of a ton of b&c is 4.7 GJ/kg of which 2.2 GJ come from the sucrose and 2.5
from the bagasse.
 Per hc per year, biomass produced corresponds to 0.27 TJ. This is equivalent to
0.86 W/ m2. Assuming an average insolation of 225 W per m2, photosynthetic
efficiency of sugar cane is 0.38%.
 135 kg of sucrose found in 1ton of b&c are transformed into 70 liters of ethanol with
a combustion energy of 1.7 GJ. Practical sucrose-ethanol conversion efficiency is,
76% (compare with the theoretical 97%).
 One hc of sugar cane yields 4000 liters of ethanol/ year (bagasse produced
exceeds the amount needed to distill the final product). This does not include the
energy used in tilling, transportation, and so on. Thus, the solar energy-to-ethanol
conversion efficiency is 0.13%.