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8 SHEAR STRENGTH
Where:
The web will completely yield long before the flanges begin to
yield.
We can write the equation for the stress in the web at failure as:
Vn
fv 0.60Fy
Aw
Vn 0.60FyA w
E h E
For 2.45 , 3.07
Fy tw Fy
Inelastic web buckling can occur , and
E
2.45
Fy
Vn 0.60 Fy Aw
h
tw
E h
For 3.07 , 260
Fy tw
The limit state iselastic web buckling
4.52 E
Vn Aw 2
h
tw
Where, Aw is the area of the web = d*tw
And d is the overall depth of the web.
If h/tw is greater than 260, web stiffeners are required.
Shear is rarely a problem in rolled steel beams; the usual practice
is to design a beam for flexure and then to check it for shear.
Example 5.7
Check the beam in Example 5.6 for shear.
Solution:
From Example 56: A W14X90 with Fy = 50 ksi is used.
Wu = 2.080 kips/ft and L= 40 ft
wuL 2.080 * 40
Vn 41.60 kips
2 2
Deflection limit:
Example 5-9 :
solution
Ponding is one deflection problem that does affect the safety of a
structure.
The AISC specification requires that the roof system have
sufficient stiffness to prevent ponding.
5.10 DESIGN:
Beam design entails the selection of a cross-sectional shape that will have
enough strength and that will meet serviceability requirements.
– You should approach their use with caution and not allow
basic principles to become obscured.
Two sets of curves are available, one for W-shapes and one for C-
shapes and MC-shapes.
Example 5.12
Use A992 steel and select a rolled shape for the beam shown
below. The concentrated load is a service live load, and the
uniform load is 30% dead load and 70% live load. Lateral bracing
is provided at the ends and at mid span. There is no restriction on
deflection.
5.11 FLOOR AND ROOF FRAMING SYSTEMS
5.12 HOLES IN BEAMS
If beam connections are made with bolts, holes will be punched or
drilled in the beam web or flange.
Sometimes electrical conduits and ventilation ducts need large
holes.
Ideally, holes should be placed in the web only at section of low
shear, and holes should be made in the flanges at points of low
bending moment.
This is not always be possible, so the effect of the holes must be
accounted for.
The effect of small holes will be small, particularly for flexure.
AISC B10 permits bolt holes in flanges to be ignored when:
or
See examples 5.14 and 5.15
5 Fu
A fe A fn
6 Fy
5.13 OPEN-WEB STEEL JOISTS
Open-web steel joists are prefabricated trusses of the type shown
in the Figure.
When the load is transmitted through a plate, web yielding is assumed to take
place on the nearest section of width tw.
In rolled shape, this section will be at the toe of the fillet, a distance k from the
outside face of the flange
This material must resist the bearing load applied by steel plate
A2
Pp 0.85f A 1 '
c
Where A1
fc is the compressive strength of concrete after 28 days
A2
AISC also requires 2
A1
2.222R un 2
t
BNFy
Where
Ru is the support reaction
B is width of the bearing plate
N is length of the bearing plate
Example 5.17
Design a bearing plate to distribute the reaction of a W 21 x 68 with a
span length of 15 ft 10 inches center to center of supports. The total
service load, including the beam weight , is 19 kips with equal parte
dead and live load. The beam is to be supported on reinforced concrete
wall with fc = 3500 psi. the beam made of A992 steel and the plate is
A36.
Solution
The factored load is = 1.2*4.5 + 1.6*4.5 = 12.600 kips/ft
The reaction is = 12.6*15.83/2 = 99.3 kips
Determine the length of bearing N required to prevent web yielding.
Ru = 2.5k + N) Fy tw = (2.5(1.438) + N) 50*0.430 ≥ 99.73
N ≥ 1.044
Determine the length of bearing N required to prevent web
crippling. Assume N/d > 0.2
1.5
2 4N t w
EFy t
φ0.40 t w 1 0.2
f
Ru
d
t f tw
4N 0.43
1.5
075 * 0.40 * 0.43 1
2 29000 * 50 * 0.685
0.2 99.73
21.1 0.685 0.43
N ≥ 3.0 in
Check the assumption
N/d = 3.0/21.1 = 0.14 < 0.2 (N.G.) so for N/d < 0.2
1.5
2 N t w
EFy t
φ0.40 t w 1 3 f
Ru
d t
tw
f
N 0.43
1.5
075 * 0.40 * 0.43 1 3
2 29000 * 50 * 0.685
99.73
21.1 0.685
0.43
Web crippling and web yielding are not factors in column base
plate design.
Design steps:
d b f c Pp
2 c
A1
Example 5.18
A W 10 x 49 is used as a column and is supported by a concrete pier as
shown in the Figure. The top surface of pier is 18 in by 18 in. Design an
A36 base plate for a column dead load of 98 kips and a live load of 145
kips the concrete strength is fc = 3000 psi.
The factored load = 1.2 * 98 + 1.6 * 145 = 349.6
Compute the required bearing area (assume that plat area < pier
area)
A2
φ c (0.85)f A 1
'
c Pu
A1
18 * 18
0.6 * 085 * 3 * A 1 349.6
A1
A 1 161.1 in 2
check
A2 18 * 18
1.41 2 (OK)
A1 161.1
Also the plate must be at least as large as the column, so
Bfd = 10 * 9.98 = 99.8 < 161.1 in2 (OK)
For B = N = 13 in, A1 provided = 3 * 13 = 169 > 161.1 in2
Check the assumption
Plate area = 169 < pier area = 18 * 18 (OK)
Determine the required thickness
N - 0.95d 13 9.48
m 1.76 in
2 2
B 0.8b f 13 8
n 2.5 in
2 2
1 1
n db f 9.98 * 10 2.497 in
4 4
As a conservative simplification, let λ =1, giving
L = max(m, n, λn’) = max (1.76, 2.5, 2.497) = 2.5 in
The required plate thickness is
2Pu 2 * 349.6
t L 2.5 0.893 in
0.9BNFy 0.9 * 13 * 13 * 6
Use a PL 1 x 13 x 13
5.15 BIAXIAL BENDING
Please try to understand it alone
May be necessary in some of your projects.
If there is a time, we will discuss it later
Any problem, you can see me in my office within the office hours.
The last section 5.16 canceled.
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