Classification of Periodontal

Diseases

Dr Prateek Shrestha
 Why Classification ?
Helps in the development of frameworks to study the
I. aetiology,
II. Pathogenesis &
III. treatment of diseases;

 Provides the international healthcare community with a way of

communicating in a common language.
 Where were we?

 juvenile periodontitis (prepubertal, localized and generalized);

 early-onset periodontitis (formally prepubertal, juvenile and rapidly
progressive);
adult periodontitis;( This classification system is heavily age dependent: a
cut-off point of 35 Years)
acute necrotizing ulcerative periodontitis;
 refractory periodontitis.
Periapical radiographs of a 36-year-old patient, showing severe generalized bone
loss.
Diagnosis: ‘chronic adult periodontitis’ or ‘early-onset periodontitis’?
 Where are we now?

The following changes were implemented:

 Gingival disease category introduced.

 ‘Adult periodontitis’ replaced by ‘chronic periodontitis’.
 ‘Refractory disease’ category removed.
 ‘Early-onset periodontitis’ replaced by ‘aggressive periodontitis’.
 The implications of systemic diseases on periodontal status were expanded and
more comprehensively defined.
 ‘Necrotizing periodontal diseases’ were introduced to cover both ‘necrotizing
periodontitis’ and ‘necrotizing gingivitis’.
 ‘Periodontal abscess’ and ‘periodontal-endodontic’ lesions were added.
 A category for developmental or acquired lesions was introduced.
 The 1999 International Workshop for the Classification of
Gingival Diseases

A. Dental plaque-induced gingival diseases

B. Non-plaque-induced gingival lesions

The 1999 International Workshop for the Classification of

Periodontal Diseases.

A. Chronic periodontitis
B. Aggressive periodontitis
C. Periodontitis as a manifestation of systemic diseases
D. Necrotizing periodontal diseases
E. Abscesses of the periodontium
F. Periodontitis associated with endodontic lesions
G. Developmental or acquired deformities and conditions
Gingival diseases: A simplified version of the 1999 International Workshop.5
 Classification of Gingival Diseases

Dental plaque-induced gingival diseases

1. Gingivitis associated with dental plaque only

a. Without other local contributing factors
b. With local contributing factors
 Classification of Gingival Diseases

Dental plaque-induced gingival diseases

2. Gingival diseases modified by systemic factors

a. associated with the endocrine system

1) puberty-associated gingivitis
2) menstrual cycle-associated gingivitis
3) pregnancy-associated
a) gingivitis
b) pyogenic granuloma
4) diabetes mellitus-associated gingivitis

b. associated with blood dyscrasias

1) leukaemia-associated gingivitis
2) other
 Classification of Gingival Diseases

Dental plaque-induced gingival diseases

3. Gingival diseases modified by medications

1) drug-influenced gingival enlargements

2) drug-influenced gingivitis
a) oral contraceptive-associated gingivitis
b) other

4. Gingival diseases modified by malnutrition

a. ascorbic acid-deficiency gingivitis
b. other
 Classification of Gingival Diseases

Non-plaque-induced gingival lesions

1. Gingival diseases of specific bacterial origin

a. Neisseria gonorrhoea-associated lesions

b. Treponema pallidum-associated lesions
c. streptococcal species-associated lesions
d. other

2. Gingival diseases of viral origin

a. herpesvirus infections
1) primary herpetic gingivostomatitis
2) recurrent oral herpes
3) varicella-zoster infections
b. other
 Classification of Gingival Diseases

Non-plaque-induced gingival lesions

3. Gingival diseases of fungal origin

a. candidal infections
1) generalized gingival candidosis
b. linear gingival erythema
c. histoplasmosis
d. other

4. Gingival lesions of genetic origin

a. hereditary gingival fibromatosis
b. other
 Classification of Gingival Diseases
Non-plaque-induced gingival lesions
5. Gingival manifestations of systemic conditions
a. mucocutaneous disorders
1) lichen planus
2) pemphigoid
3) pemphigus vulgaris
4) erythema multiforme
5) lupus erythematosus
6) drug-induced
7) other

b. allergic reactions
1) dental restorative materials 2) reactions attributable to
a) mercury a) toothpastes/dentifrices
b) nickel b) mouthrinses/mouthwashes
c) acrylic c) chewing gum additives
d) other d) foods and additives
3) other
 Classification of Gingival Diseases

Non-plaque-induced gingival lesions

6. Traumatic lesions (factitious, iatrogenic, accidental)

a. chemical injury
b. physical injury
c. thermal injury

7. Foreign body reactions

8. Not otherwise specified (NOS)

Gingival diseases: A simplified version of the 1999 International Workshop.5
 The 1999 International Workshop for the
Classification of Gingival Diseases

A. Dental plaque-induced gingival diseases

B. Non-plaque-induced gingival lesions

The 1999 International Workshop for the Classification of

Periodontal Diseases.

A. Chronic periodontitis
B. Aggressive periodontitis
C. Periodontitis as a manifestation of systemic diseases
D. Necrotizing periodontal diseases
E. Abscesses of the periodontium
F. Periodontitis associated with endodontic lesions
G. Developmental or acquired deformities and conditions
Periodontal diseases: A simplified version of the 1999 International Workshop.5
 Classification of Periodontal Diseases.

A. Chronic periodontitis

a. Localized : up to 30% of sites

b. Generalized : more than 30% of sites

Severity of the disease

I. Slight: CAL 1–2 mm.
II. Moderate: CAL 3–4 mm.
III. Severe: CAL 5 mm or more.
[clinical attachment loss (CAL)]:
 Clinical features and characteristics of
Chronic Periodontitis:
 Most prevalent in adults (but can occur in children and adolescents).
 Amount of destruction of the periodontium is consistent with the presence of
local risk factors.
 Subgingival calculus is a frequent finding.
 Slow to moderate rate of progression (but can have periods of rapid attachment
loss).
 May be modified by systemic disease.
 Can be modified by factors such as smoking and stress.
 Classification of Periodontal Diseases.

B. Aggressive periodontitis

a.Localized. :  Onset around puberty.

 First molar and incisor involvement.
 Raised serum antibody response to pathogens.

b. Generalized :  Usually under 30 years, but does occur in older patients.

 Poor antibody response to pathogens.
 Pronounced episodic nature of loss of attachment and
alveolar bone.
 Generalized interproximal attachment loss affecting at least
three permanent teeth (other than
first molars and incisors).
 Classification of Periodontal Diseases.

C. Periodontitis as a manifestation of systemic diseases

a. Associated with haematological disorders
1. Acquired neutropenia
2. Leukaemias
3. Other
b. Associated with genetic disorders
1. Familial and cyclic neutropenia
2. Down’s syndrome
3. Leukocyte adhesion deficiency syndromes
4. Papillon–Lefèvre syndrome
5. Chediak–Higashi syndrome
6. Histiocytosis syndromes
7. Glycogen storage disease
8. Infantile genetic agranulocytosis
9. Cohen syndrome
10. Ehlers–Danlos syndrome (Types IV and VIII)
11. Hypophosphatasia
12. Other
c. Not otherwise specified (NOS)
 Classification of Periodontal Diseases.

D. Necrotizing periodontal diseases

a. Necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis (NUG)

b. Necrotizing ulcerative periodontitis (NUP)

E. Abscesses of the periodontium

a. Gingival abscess
b. Periodontal abscess
c. Pericoronal abscess

F. Periodontitis associated with endodontic lesions

Combined periodontic-endodontic lesions

 Classification of Periodontal Diseases.

G. Developmental or acquired deformities and conditions

a. Localized tooth-related factors that modify or predispose to plaque-

induced gingival diseases/periodontitis

1. Tooth anatomic factors

2. Dental restorations/appliances
3. Root fractures
4. Cervical root resorption and cemental tears
 Classification of Periodontal Diseases.

G. Developmental or acquired deformities and conditions

b. Mucogingival deformities and conditions around teeth

1. Gingival/soft tissue recession

a) facial or lingual surfaces
b) interproximal (papillary)
2. Lack of keratinized gingiva
3. Decreased vestibular depth
4. Aberrant fraenum/muscle position
5. Gingival excess
c) pseudopocket
d) inconsistent gingival margin
e) excessive gingival display
f) gingival enlargement
6. Abnormal colour
 Classification of Periodontal Diseases.

G. Developmental or acquired deformities and conditions

c. Mucogingival deformities and conditions on edentulous ridges

1. Vertical and/or horizontal ridge deficiency

2. Lack of gingiva/keratinized tissue
3. Gingival/soft tissue enlargement
4. Aberrant fraenum/muscle position
5. Decreased vestibular depth
6. Abnormal colour
 Classification of Periodontal Diseases.

G. Developmental or acquired deformities and conditions

d. Occlusal trauma

1. Primary occlusal trauma

2. Secondary occlusal trauma
Periodontal diseases: A simplified version of the 1999 International Workshop.5
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