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Prokaryotes
Naomi Lamtiur Napitupulu
4143342027
Bilingual Biology Education’14
Genetic Code
The process of Translation requires a Genetic
code, through which the information contained in
nucleic acid sequence is expressed to produce a
specific sequence of amino acids.
Words in dictionary are in the form of codons
Each codon is a triplet of nucleotides
64 codons in total and three out of these are Non
Sense codons.
61 codons for 20 amino acids
Initiator & Termination Codon
AUG is the initiator codon in majority of
proteins. Methionine is the only amino acid
specified by just one codon, AUG.
Initiation
Elongation
Termination.
Decoding nucleic acid sequence
into amino acid sequence
Initiation
mRNA binds to small unit of ribosome
Initiation of translation in prokaryotes involves the
assembly of the components of the translation system
which are:
the two ribosomal subunits (small and large)
the mRNA to be translated
the first (formyl) aminoacyl tRNA (the tRNA
charged with the first amino acid), GTP (as a
source of energy)
three initiation factors (IF 1, IF 2 and IF 3) which
help the assembly of the initiation complex.
The 16S rRNA of the 30S initiation complex first
base pairs with a sequence called the Shine-
Delgarno sequence upstream from the initiation
codon
This interaction anchors the 30S ribosomal subunit
at the correct location on the mRNA template. At
this point, the 50S ribosomal subunit then binds to
the initiation complex, forming an intact ribosome.
Elongation
Is the addition of other aa to the growing
polypeptide chain.
Takes place in three steps:
1. EF-Tu with the help of GTP, binds an aminoacyl-
tRNA to the A site by specific base-pairing of its
anticodon and the complementary mRNA codon.
2. Peptidyl transferase forms a peptide bond
between the peptide in the P site and the newly
arrived aminoacyl-tRNA in the A site.
3. EF-G, with GTP translocates the growing
peptidyl-tRNA, with its mRNA codon to the P
site. leaving the A site free for the next
aminoacyl-tRNA.
Termination
The synthesis of the polypeptide chain is terminated
by release factors that recognize the termination or
stop codon at the end of the coding sequence
Prokaryotic translation termination is mediated by
three factors: RF1, RF2 and RF3. RF1 recognizes
UAA and UAG, RF2 recognizes UAA and UGA
and RF3 is a GTP-binding protein that facilitates
binding of RF1 and RF2 to the ribosome.
The release factors release the newly formed
protein, the mRNA, and the last tRNA used,
The ribosome dissociates into its two subunits,
which are then reused.
Termination
Inhibitors of Protein Synthesis
REFERENCES
Alberts, B., Johnson, A., Lewis, J., Raff, M., Roberts,
K.,Walter, P. (2002). Moleculer Biology of Cell (4th ed.).
Philadelphia: Garland Publishing
Laursen,B.S., Hans Peter Sørensen, Kim Kusk Mortensen
and Hans Uffe Sperling Petersen.(2005). Initiation of Protein
Synthesis in Bacteria. Denmark: Microbiology And
Molecular Biology Journal. Vol. 69 (1) : 101-123
Lodish,H., Berk,A., Kaiser,C., Krieger,M., Bretscher,A.,
Ploegh,H. (2013). Molecular Biology Cell (7th ed.). New
York: W.H. Freeman and Company
Rudorf,Sophia and Lipowsky R. (2015). Protein Synthesis in
E.coli: Dependence of Codon-Specific Elongation on tRNA
Concentration and Codon Usage. Canada: PLOSone
Stansfied, William.,Raul Cano and Jaime Colome. (2006).
Biologi Molekuler dan Sel. Jakarta : Penerbit Erlangga