Cladding

Skin
Curtain Wall – glass + metal systems
Cladding
• Non-load bearing exterior wall enclosure.
• Most visible, most subject to attack by
natural forces.

• Separates indoor environment from

outdoors in such a way that the indoor
environment can be maintained at a level
suitable for the building's intended use.
 1. Overall design considerations
Cladding must perform a number of functions
• Stable
• Strong
• Resistant to elements
• Fire resistant
• Acoustic and thermal properties
• Resist erosion and corrosion
• Aesthetic
• Thermal expansion/joints
• Allow for frame tolerances/movement
 2. Conditions Required in the
Building
• Daylight
• Solar radiation and glare
• View
• Rain barrier
• Ventilation and draughts
• Heat loss / cold areas
• Security
• Noise
• Fire proof
Primary Functions of Cladding
• Keep Water Out
• Prevent Air Leakage
• Control Light (heat, glare, ultraviolet)
• Control Radiation of Heat
• Control Conduction of Heat
• Control Water Vapor
• Control Sound
Secondary Functions of Cladding
• Resist Wind Forces:
• Adjust to Movement:
Thermal expansion and contraction,
Moisture expansion and contraction,
Structural deflections.
• Resist Fire
• Weather Gracefully
 Natural Forces
• Wind
– Location, Height, Topography
• Rain
– Location,intensity, time, associated with wind.
• Frost
• Chemical and biological degradation
• Earthquakes and vibration.
Sealant Joints in Cladding
• Fill/seal the joints
• Prevent flow of air and/or water
• Permit assembly tolerance
• Permit movement
Design Process - Prefabricated
(a) Curtain wall manufacturer selected and
made a part of the building design team
from the first stages of the project.

(b) The architect prepares a rough design and

performance specification and submit these
to several manufacturers for proposals.
Curtain wall

1. Anchor
2. Mullion
3. Horz rail
4. Spandrel panel
5. Horz rail
6. Glass
Masonry

• Constructed in place
• Prefabricated
Metal + Glass

• Prefabricated
Gehry - Guggenheim
 Cladding

• Metal Sheeting
• Kempton Race
Course
• (Kingspan)
 Cladding

• Metal
Sheeting
• Nangor Road
• (Kingspan)
 Cladding

• Metal
Sheeting with
Curtain
Walling
• Samsung UK
• (Kingspan)
 Conclusions
• The choice of cladding materials is vast.
• Cladding has a major effect on the structure
– Aesthetic
– Internal performance
– Durability
– Structural frame loading
CLADDING / VENERING OF INTERIOR
AND EXTERIOR WALL SURFACES
WITH MASONRY
• STONE CLADDING
• BRICK CLADDING
 I- STONE APPLICATIONS
• Many surface
finishes are
possible with
stone. The figure
below show the
graphic symbols
for typical stone
finishes.
 Stone Wall Patterns
• Stone wall
bond patterns
can be roughly
divide into
two main
groups.
 We can use two types stone:

• NATURAL STONES
– Marble, Granite, Travertine, Limestone,
Sandstone...

• MANUFACTURED STONES
– Concrete bkocks, terrazo...
 Manufactured Stone:
• Manufactured stone is a simulated stone
veneer made from lightweight concrete.
• It is colourfast, weather proof and has the
look and feel of natural stone.
• Produced in a variety of colours and
textures, it simulates various types of
natural stone.
• Manufactured stone maybe applied directly to a
base coat of stucco, concrete block, brick,
concrete or any masonry surface that has not been
treated or sealed and which is rough enough to
provide a good mechanical bond.
• Manufactured stones are produced in different
shapes and sizes to suit natural stone wall patterns
of rubble, and ashlar.
• The stones designed for ashlar bond pattern are
available as either square or rectangular slabs,
which maybe fixed to the wall either:
– a) in a simple square or rectangular grid pattern;
– b) in a bond pattern
 Application Techniques
• Typical thickness of marble and slate slabs
might be 18 mm, while limestones and
sandstones tend to be thicker.
• Stone slabs are fixed back to the wall
surface by many of non-ferrous metal
cramps (such as phosphor, bronze, brass or
copper) as illustrated in the following
figures.
• One end of the cramp is built into the wall, while
the other end hooks into a recess in the slab. The
cramps may be built into the wall by such means
as either:
• setting the cramps into mortar joints as a brick
wall,
• cutting a “pocket” (or mortise) in a concrete wall,
and bedding the cramp into the pocket with
mortar.
• The manufactured stone can be cut with a brick
trowel, hatchet or similar tool to achieve sizes and
shapes required for fitting stones and keeping
mortar joints to a minimum.
• When the mortar joints become firm (from one
to three hours depending on suction of the base
and climate) they should be pointed up with a
wood and metal shrinking tool.
• Excess mortar should be raked out and in the
stone sealed around the edges to give the
finished job the appearance of a natural stone
wall.
• At the end, the finished wall should be
broomed or wire brushed to remove loose
mortar and to clean the face of the stone.