Chemical Technology

Paper Raw material

 Bamboo(Best), wood of different types
 Bagasse
 Recycled paper
 Grass and reeds
 Straws: based on rice, wheat, barley etc.
 Cotton linters
Types of papers
 Large integrated papers, paperboards(wood, bamboo
etc)
 Small papers(bagasse,wheat, rice straws etc)
 Small paper units on waste papers (coloured papers)
 Large integrated news print papers
 Khadi and village industries cotton rags, jute waste,
cotton linters etc
 Tissue papers (towels, toilet tissues)
What is pulp
 Pulp is a commercial fibrous material(cellulose)
obtained from bamboo, wood, bagasse (waste
material) etc. by mechanical and chemical means.
 Pulping means disintegration of bulky fibrous material
to small fibres.
 There are mainly three modes of production of pulp:
(a) Mechanical
 (debarking of wood, shredding to form fibres suitable for newsprint,
tissue papers and cheap paperback books)
 (b) Chemical (sulfate and sulfite process)
 Cellulose from wood is freed from lignin and non-cellulosic material by
reaction with chemical agents
 (c) Semi chemical
 Mild chemical treatment is given with sulfate, sulfite, caustic etc. and
then soften sufficiently to allow mechanical separation of fibre without
excess water.
Sulfate(Kraft) Process and Sulfite
Process?
 Sulfate process is an alkaline process where as the
Sulfite process is an acidic process
 The pulp has to be bleached more in the Sulfate
Process as compared to the Sulfite process.
 For Sulfate process, digestion time is 2-5hrs at
temperature 170-176°C and pressure 660-925kPa.
 Sulfite process, time required is 6-12hrs at temperature
125-160°C and pressure 620-755kPa.
 Raw materials are less significant and fibers have
better strength properties in Sulfate process.
 Sulfate process(craft Sulfite process
process)
MOC Use of mild steel or any Required acid proof
alloy compatible with bricks, metal ss316,
caustic soda bronze, lead
Type of pulp Brown color: difficult to Dull white color: easily
remove using CLO2, bleached: fibres are
unbleached fibre are weaker than those
strong produced in craft process
Typical paper product Srong brown bags, brown White grades, book
paper wraping, paper, sanitary tissues
paperboard boxes, strong
white paper
Chemicals used 60% NAOH, 25% Na2S, Magnifite Mg(HSO3)2,
15% Na2CO3 Na2SO3, Na2CO3
Chemical reactions involved
 (i) Digestion (hydrolysis and solubilization of lignin)
 R-R’ + NaOHR”COONa + ROH

 R-R’ + Na2S Mercaptans


 (ii) Chemical recovery from black liquor
 (a) Smelting
 2NaR + air Na2CO3 + CO2 (lignin)
 Na2SO4 + 2C  Na2S + 2CO2
 (b) Causticizing
 Na2CO3 (aq) + Ca(OH)2 (s)  2NaOH (aq) + CaCO3
(s) (green liquor) (white liquor)
 CaCO3CaO + CO2
 CaO + H2O Ca(OH)2
Craft Process
Chemical recovery from black
liquor
Paper production
Formation of paper

 Random arrangement of fibres into a wet web

 Removal of free water by wet pressing and compaction
of sheet
 Progressive removal of additional water by heating
rolls
Economics
 Procurement and storage of raw material
 Lack of forest resources, require long-range planning
for improved bamboo harvesting, utilization of
bagasse, effective collection and reuse of waste paper
 High price and shortage of chemicals
 Hence chemical recovery becomes important
 Procurement of plant and equipment
 Paper making machinery is quite elaborate and
expensive, no indigious technology developed yet.