SOLID

ENVIRONMENT
Buen, Luis Jr. O.
Gentolia, Mary Cris G.
Manlolo, Jenny G.
Soil
• the upper layer of earth in which plants
grow.
• a black or dark brown material typically
consisting of a mixture of organic remains,
clay, and rock particles.
Properties of Soil
(Physical)
 Properties of Soil
(Physical)

• Components of Soil
• Soil Texture
• Soil Porosity
 Properties of Soil
(Physical)

Four Components of Soil

Properties of Soil
(Physical)

Texture of Soil
 Properties of Soil
(Physical)

Soil Porosity
• refers to how many
pores, or holes,
a soil has
• expressed as a
percentage of the
total volume of
the soil material.
Properties of Soil
(Chemical)
 Properties of Soil
(Chemical)

• Soil pH
• Salinity
• Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC)
 Properties of Soil
(Chemical)

Soil pH
• refers to the concentration of positively charged
hydrogen ions in the soil moisture.
• measured on a scale of 0 to 14 (the lower the
number, the more acidic the soil)
 Properties of Soil
(Chemical)

Salinity
• the salt content in the soil
• Salination can be caused by natural
processes such as mineral weathering or
by the gradual withdrawal of an ocean.
 Properties of Soil
(Chemical)

Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC)

• the total capacity of a soil to hold
exchangeable cations
• influences the soil's ability to hold onto essential
nutrients and provides a buffer against soil
acidification
Solid Waste

refers to the range of garbage arising from

animal and human activities that are
discarded as unwanted and useless.
Solid Waste
Sources
 Solid Waste
Sources

Residential Industrial

Commercial &
Institutional Sources Agricultural

Construction &
Mining
Demolition
 Solid Waste
Sources

Municipal Solid Waste (MSW)

is a waste type consisting of everyday items that are
discarded by the public.
MSW includes residential, commercial, institutional,
construction and demolition wastes.
Waste collection is performed by
the municipality within a given area.
 Solid Waste
Classification
 Solid Waste
Classification
Biodegradable Recyclable

Inert Electrical & Electronic

Composite Hazardous

Toxic Biomedical
 Solid Waste
Physical Properties
 Solid Waste
Physical Properties

1. Specific Weight (Density)

 weight of a material per unit volume (e.g.
kg/m3, lb/ft3)
 usually refers to uncompact waste.
 Solid Waste
Physical Properties

2. Moisture Content
 expressed as percentage of the wet weight
of the MSW material

𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒
𝑚𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡 =
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑒
3
 Solid Waste
Physical Properties

3. Particle Size and Distribution

 an important consideration in the recovery
of materials especially with mechanical
means such as trommel screens and
magnetic separators.
 expressed as a plot of particle size (mm)
against percentage, less than a given
value.
 Solid Waste
Physical Properties
 Solid Waste
Physical Properties

4. Field Capacity
the total amount of moisture which can be
retained in a waste sample subject to
gravitational pull.
used to determine the formation of leachate in
landfills.
 Solid Waste
Chemical Properties
 Solid Waste
Chemical Properties

1. Energy Content / Calorific Value

can be determined:
a) by using a full scale boiler as a calorimeter
b) by using a laboratory bomb calorimeter
c) by calculation, if the elemental composition is
known
 Solid Waste
Chemical Properties

2. Fusing Point of Ash

the temperature at which the ash resulting from
the burning of waste will form a solid (clinker) by
fusion and agglomeration
 Solid Waste
Chemical Properties

3. Ultimate Analysis
Involves the determination of the percent C
(carbon), H (hydrogen), O (oxygen), N
(nitrogen), S (sulfur) and ash
The determination of halogens is often included
in an ultimate analysis
The results are used to characterize the
chemical composition of the organic matter in
MSW
 Solid Waste
Chemical Properties

4. Proximate Analysis
Proximate analysis for the combustible components of
MSW includes the following tests:
Moisture (drying at 105O C for 1 h)
Volatile combustible matter (ignition at 950OC in the
absence of oxygen)
Fixed carbon (combustible residue left after Step 2)
Ash (weight of residue after combustion in an open
crucible)
Typical Proximate Analysis Values (% by weight)

Type of Waste Moisture Volatiles Carbon Ash

Mixed food 70.0 21.4 3.6 5.0

Mixed paper 10.2 75.9 8.4 5.4

Mixed plastics 0.2 95.8 2.0 2.0

Yard wastes 60.0 42.3 7.3 0.4

Glass 2.0 - - 96-99

Residential MSW 21.0 52.0 7.0 20.0

 Solid Waste
Biological Properties
 Solid Waste
Biological Properties

1. Biodegradability
the capacity of a material to decompose over
time as a result of biological activity, especially
to be broken down by microorganisms
 Solid Waste
Biological Properties

2. Production of Odors
odors are developed when solid wastes are
stored for long periods of time on-site between
collections, in transfer stations, and in landfills.
the formation of odors results from the
anaerobic decomposition of the readily
decomposable organic components found in
MSW
Solid Waste Management
 Solid Waste Management

Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of

2000 (RA 9003)
provides the legal framework for the systematic,
comprehensive and ecological solid waste
management program of the Philippines, which
shall ensure protection of public health and the
environment.
Solid Waste Management
 Solid Waste Management

1. 4Rs (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle,

Recover)
2. Composting
3. Incineration
4. Landfill
4Rs (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle, Recover)
 4Rs (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle, Recover)

Reduce - is to limit the amount of waste you

create in the first place. This includes buying
products with less packaging.
Reuse - means to use something again that you
would normally throw away (e.g. Glass jar for
food or plastic bags for bin liners.)
 4Rs (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle, Recover)

Recycle - means the product goes through a

mechanical process to change its form. This is
only recommended when reducing and reusing
are not possible.
Recover - is to convert waste into resources
(such as electricity, heat, compost and fuel)
through thermal and biological means.
Resource Recovery occurs after reduce, reuse
and recycle have been attempted.
Composting
 Composting

bacterial decomposition of organic components

of the municipal waste result in the formation of
humus or compost
helps in disposal of solid waste and production of
valuable manure for crops
rate of compost formation is controlled by the
composition and constituents of the materials i.e.
their Carbon/Nitrogen ratio, the temperature, the
moisture content and the amount of air.
Incineration
 Incineration

process of burning municipal solid waste in a

properly designed furnace under suitable
temperature and operating conditions
the combustion of waste in the presence of
oxygen
after incineration, the wastes are converted to
carbon dioxide, water vapor and ash
 Incineration

used as a means of recovering energy to be

used in heating or the supply of electricity
advantage of reducing the volume of the
waste, rendering it harmless, reducing
transportation costs and reducing the
production of the greenhouse gas methane
Landfill
 Landfill

a place to dispose of refuse and other waste

material by burying it and covering it over with
soil, especially as a method of filling in or
extending usable land
Leachate is a liquid drained from the landfill as a
contaminated wastewater.
production of methane gas
Municipal Environment Code of Carmona, Cavite
Municipal Environment Code of Carmona, Cavite

The Municipal Government through its Solid Waste Management

Board shall prepare its 10-year solid waste management plan
consistent with the national solid waste management framework
and components of which are provided in R.A. 9003. The waste
management plan shall be for re-use, recycling, and composting
of wastes, generated in the municipality. The solid waste
management plan shall place primary emphasis on
implementation of all feasible re-use, recycling and composting
while identifying the amount of landfill and transformation
capacity that will be needed for solid waste which cannot be re-
used, recycled, or composted. The municipal solid waste
management plan shall be reviewed and updated every year by
the MSWMB.
Municipal Environment Code of Carmona, Cavite

 Carmona Ecology Center (Brgy. Lantic)

 As part of the Balik Inang Kalikasan, Balik Amang Pabrika (BIKBAP)
Program on Waste Recycling, the Carmona Ecology Center (CEC)
was established and started operating in February 2000. The CEC
processes the sorted waste from the households.
 Type of Disposal:
 By Contract/ Sanitary Landfill
San Pedro, Laguna
 Frequency of Garbage Collection
 Twice a week
Data as of 2014