Ms.

Farah Nasiha Suhaili

OVERVIEW.

DEFINITION/ DESIGN
CHARACTERISTIC
CONCEPT CONSIDERATION

TYPES/ CONSTRUCTION
CLASSIFICATION METHODOLOGY
DEFINITION/CONCEPT.
 >1.2 metres from ground level
 one or more floors of a building that are either completely or
partially below the ground floor.
 used as a utility space for a building
 furnace, water heater, breaker panel or fuse box, car park, and air-
conditioning system are located; so also are amenities such as the
electrical distribution system, and cable television distribution point.
 used exactly the same manner as an additional above-ground
floor of a house or other building
 use of basements depends on specific geographical area factors
such as:
 climate, soil, seismic activity, building technology, and real estate
economics
DEFINITION
/CONCEPT.
Axial load
from building
superstructure

Floor acts as brace

Lateral load to resist loading
from ground Level of
water table

Loads from
superstructure
dispersed to Moisture
ground penetration
 CHARACTERISTIC.
 Numerous engineering problems are encountered as construction works are going deeper and deeper
down into the ground
 existence of complicated sub-soil,
 groundwater table
 overcoming of tremendous soil pressure,
 the provision of complicated temporary support works,
 working in congested underground or
 sensitive nearby environment
 Due to the problems encountered, construction of deep basement:
 is very expensive,
 time consuming,
 inconsistent and sensitive to the quality of planning and management of individual projects
 such works are highly hazardous, both to human operatives and the life and properties of third parties within the site
vicinity
 CHARACTERISTIC.

 Construction of basement is difficult for it

must be carried out below deep ground
in adverse condition such as existence
of ground water, muddiness or limited
working space
 Works are needed to be done amidst
layers of props, struts, walings and
shores, which cannot be removed until
the permanent works are completed
and capable of carrying the final loads
 CHARACTERISTIC.
 Major design considerations:
 Planning of subsurface investigation and laboratory testing
 Evaluation of foundations of adjacent properties and their tolerance
 Selection of type of retaining wall
 Selection of type of support system
 Design of retaining wall
 Preliminary analyses of alternatives of wall and support systems
 Assess cost and time implications
 Technical requirements on safety
 Influence to adjacent structures
 Produce safe and economical design
DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS.
Selection types of basement:
 Level of ground water on
site
 Possible contamination of
ground water
 Natural drainage
 Soil type
 Access to site
Requirement of wall below
ground
 Structural stability
 Durability
 Moisture exclusion
 Buildability
 TYPES/CLASSIFICATION
Load distribution

Retaining Box &

Pile
wall & Raft Cellular Raft
Basement
basement basement
 TYPES/CLASSIFICATION
B a s e m e n t - Retaining wall & Raft

Consist of a slab raft foundation which forms the basement floor and helps
distribute the structural loads transmitted down the retaining walls
 TYPES/CLASSIFICATION
B a s e m e n t - Box & Cellular Raft

Similar to retaining wall & raft except that internal walls are used to transmit &
spread loads over raft as well as dividing basement into cells.
 TYPES/CLASSIFICATION
B a s e m e n t - Pile Basement

The main superstructure loads are carried to the basement floor level by columns
where they are finally transmitted to ground via pile cap & bearing piles.
TYPES/CLASSIFICATION
Construction Method

Open Cut Cut & Cover

Bottom up Top down

Construction Construction
 TYPES/CLASSIFICATION:
OPEN CUT CONSTRUCTION.

Use battered
excavation sides cut
back to a safe angle
of repose thus
eliminating the need
for temporary
support works to the
sides of the
excavation.
 TYPES/CLASSIFICATION:
OPEN CUT CONSTRUCTION.

Open cut excavation is not suitable because:

 Large amount of free-site space is required
 Risk of affecting ground support for adjacent building
 Existence of high ground water level
How to overcome:
 Excavation with temporary support
 Excavation supported by permanent retaining walls embedded in
ground
 TYPES/CLASSIFICATION:
CUT & COVER.

The cut and cover construction technique has been used for
many years as a means for building underground
transportation facilities.
This method involves the installation of temporary walls to
support the sides of the excavation, a bracing system, control
of ground water, and underpinning of adjacent structures,
where necessary.
 TYPES/CLASSIFICATION:
CUT & COVER.

The main disadvantages of a cut and cover tunnel

are its disruptive effects in congested urban
environment.
Cost of cut and cover construction increases sharply
with increased depth. Tunnel driving costs are usually
higher per meter of tunnel than the average shallow
cut and cover tunnel.
TYPES/CLASSIFICATION:
CUT & COVER.
TYPES/CLASSIFICATION:
CUT & COVER.
 TYPES/CLASSIFICATION:
BOTTOM UP CONSTRUCTION.

 buildings with underground basements

 sub-structure and super-structure floors are constructed sequentially from the bottom of
the sub-structure or lowest level of basement to the top of the super-structure
 simple in both design and construction
 most cost-effective for the contractors working on the project
 easiest to plan for, since the stages of construction progress from the foundation upward
 dirt can be quickly hauled away from the foundation site before work begins
 mistakes can be spotted and rectified before any floors are built on faulty supports,
preventing the possibility of extra damage.
BOTTOM UP CONSTRUCTION:
Limitation.

 not always practical

 building construction
often faces very limited
space options (site
constraints)
 strict deadline
 BOTTOM UP CONSTRUCTION:
Construction Methodology.
1. Earthworks
2. Retaining Structure – Diaphragm
Wall
3. Piling/ Foundation System- Bored
Piling
4. Deep Excavation
5. Temporary Strutting – Steel Beam /
Ground Anchor
6. R.C Works- Columns, Beams , Slabs
BOTTOM UP CONSTRUCTION
 TYPES/CLASSIFICATION:
TOP DOWN CONSTRUCTION.

 builds the permanent structure members of the basement along with the excavation from
the top to the bottom
 basement floors are constructed as the excavation progresses
 tieback installation not feasible and soil movements had to be minimized
 provides the significant saving of the overall construction time
 construction begins with retaining wall installation then load-bearing elements that will
carry the future super-structure
 basement columns (typically steel beams) are constructed before any excavation takes
place and rest on the load bearing elements
 TOP DOWN CONSTRUCTION:
Construction Methodology.
1. Earthworks
2. Retaining Structure –
Diaphragm Wall
3. Bore Piling + Plunge in
Column
4. Deep Excavation
5. R.C Works- Columns,
Beams , Slabs
TOP DOWN CONSTRUCTION
TOP DOWN CONSTRUCTION
 TOP DOWN CONSTRUCTION:
Advantages.

a large working space for foundation excavation not required

saving cost by eliminating to construct the retaining wall
enables a high-rise superstructure and its sub-basement to be
built simultaneously
temporary strutting system not required (Bracing System) to
support the basement walls during excavation and construction
of basement – temporary strut system is often very complex,
require space and very expensive
 TOP DOWN CONSTRUCTION:
Advantages.

foundation problems (the phenomenon of sludge, groundwater)

water table to be lowered in the construction of the
underground structures
adjacent buildings are assured. (easily occur sliding from
excavation, sinking, cracking ...)
construction of the basement with ground floor constructed first
can reduce the impact of bad weather
BOTTOM UP VS TOP DOWN
CONSTRUCTION.
OVERVIEW.

DEFINITION/ DESIGN
COMPONENTS
CONCEPT CONSIDERATION

TYPES/ CONSTRUCTION
CLASSIFICATION METHODOLOGY
DEFINITION/CONCEPT.
 A retaining wall is a structure that holds or
retains soil behind it.
 There are many types of materials that can
be used to create retaining walls like
concrete blocks, poured concrete, treated
timbers, rocks or boulders.
 To retain soil at a slope which is greater than
it would naturally assume, usually at a
vertical or near vertical position.
 DEFINITION/CONCEPT.
 The material retained or supported by a retaining wall is called
backfill.
 Backfill may have its top surface horizontal or inclined.
 The position of the backfill lying above the horizontal plane at the
elevation of top of wall is called surcharge & its inclination to the
horizontal is called as Surcharge angle.
 Retaining walls have primary function of retaining soils at an angle in
excess of the soil’s nature angle of repose
 BASIC FUNCTION.
 Angle of repose – the natural slope taken up by any soil
measured from horizontal
 Hold soil back to create an abrupt change in elevation of the
ground
 Usually at a vertical or near vertical position of soil or bank
 Design to offer the necessary resistance by using its own
mass to resist the thrust or relying upon the principle of
leverage
 COMPONENTS.
1. Front face
2. Sloping/battered
face
3. Drainage/weep
holes
4. Rear face
5. Straight/vertical face
6. Stem
7. Toe
8. Heel
9. Base or foundation
10.Wedge of retained
earth
 DESIGN CONSIDERATION.
 Walls within the design height range are designed to provide the
necessary resistance by either their own mass or by the principles
of leverage.
 Design consideration to ensure that:
 Overturning of the wall does not occur
 Forward sliding does not occur
 Materials used are suitable
 The subsoil is not overloaded
 DESIGN CONSIDERATION.
TAKE INTO ACCOUNT THE FOLLOWING FACTORS:
 Nature and types of soils
 Height of water table – hydrostatic pressure on the rear face
of the wall
 Subsoil water movement
 Types of wall
 Materials used in construction of wall
 DESIGN CONSIDERATION.
TAKE INTO ACCOUNT THE FOLLOWING FACTORS:
 Ground water behind retaining wall will have adverse effect upon
the design and stability
 It will increase the pressure on the back of the wall by reducing the
soil shear strength, it can reduces the bearing capacity of the soil
 It can reduces the friction resistance between base and the soil
 Therefore the question of drainage behind the retaining wall is
important in the design
DESIGN CONSIDERATION.
PASSIVE EARTH PRESSURE

 Resist the movement of the wall

 If the wall tends to move forward, the earth in front the toe
will be compressed and a reaction in the form of passive
pressure will build up in front of the toe to counter the
forward movement
 Can be increased by enlarging depth of the toe or forming
a rib on the underside of the base
 DESIGN CONSIDERATION.
ACTIVE EARTH PRESSURE

 At all times tend to move or overturn the retaining wall

 Composed of earth wedge being retained together with hydrostatic
pressure caused by the presence of ground water
 Hydrostatic pressure can be reduced by the use of subsoil drainage
behind the wall
 Or by inserting weep holes in the retaining wall enabling water to
be drained out
DESIGN CONSIDERATION.
PASSIVE VS ACTIVE EARTH PRESSURE
CLASSIFICATION GRAVITY
/TYPES.

CANTILEVER

PILING

ANCHORED
CLASSIFICATION  The “gravity wall” resists the earths
/TYPES. pressure exerted by backfill by its own
GRAVITY WALL self weight (dead load).
 It is usually built in stone masonry, and
occasionally in plain concrete.
 provides stability by virtue of its own
weight , and therefore, is rather
massive in size
 Plain concrete gravity walls are not
used for heights exceeding about 3m,
for economic reasons
CLASSIFICATION  Stress developed is very low.
/TYPES.  These walls are so proportioned that
GRAVITY WALL
no tension is developed anywhere
and the resultant of forces remain
within the middle third of the base
CLASSIFICATION
/TYPES.
GRAVITY WALL
CLASSIFICATION  The “Cantilever wall ” is the most
/TYPES.
CANTILEVER WALL
common type of retaining
structure
 Generally economical for heights
up to about 8m.
 This cantilever wall (which may also
extend in the other direction) uses
the same earth pressure trying to
topple it to stabilize itself with a
second lever arm.
CLASSIFICATION  “Stem” acts as a vertical cantilever
/TYPES. under the lateral earth pressure
CANTILEVER WALL
 “Heel slab” acts as a horizontal
cantilever under the action of
weight of the retained earth
(minus soil pressure acting upwards
from below)
 “Toe slab ” acts as a cantilever
under the action of resulting soil
pressure acting upward
CLASSIFICATION
/TYPES.
CANTILEVER WALL
CLASSIFICATION  These walls are pinned both top and bottom using
/TYPES. cables, or other stays, which are anchored in the
ANCHOR WALL rock or soil behind it.
 Anchors are driven into the material and then
expanded at the end of the cable, either by
mechanical means or by injecting pressurized
concrete into the hole.
 The wall may be embedded at the base and tied to
a slab at the top or to a “deadman anchor” — a
concrete structure which is driven into the ground
or anchored to the earth with sufficient resistance.
 The horizontal cable, rod or helical anchor, and
deadman structure resists forces that would
otherwise cause the wall to become unstable.
CLASSIFICATION  Using long piles, this wall is fixed by soil
/TYPES. on both sides of its lower length.
PILE WALL
 The piles themselves can resist the
bending forces, this wall can take high
loads
CLASSIFICATION Used to build continuous walls for waterfront
/TYPES. structures and for temporary construction wall
PILE WALL: heights > 6 m if used with anchors.
Sheet Pile
Can be made of steel, plastics, wood, pre-
cast concrete.
Advantages:
 Provides higher resistance to driving stresses;
 Is of an overall lighter weight;
 Can be reused on several projects;
 Provides a long service life above or below the
water table;
 Easy to adapt the pile length by either welding or
bolting; and
CLASSIFICATION Large and small diameter bored cast-in-
/TYPES. place piles are often used to construct
PILE WALL: efficient and economic temporary or
Bored Pile permanent retaining walls.
These walls are suitable for deep basements,
underpasses, tunnel portals and other
underground structures particularly where
working space is limited and adjacent
structures require support.
They minimise bulk excavation and help to
control ground movements and groundwater
ingress.
CONSTRUCTION METHODOLOGY.
CONSTRUCTION METHODOLOGY.
THANK YOU! 
ANY QUESTIONS?