Chapter 33

Invertebrates
Let’s meet the … Invertebrates
Life Without a Backbone
 Invertebrates
 Areanimals that lack a backbone
 Account for 95% of known animal species

Xmas Tree
Worm
 Porifera

Cnidaria

Other bilaterians (including

choanoflagellate
Ancestral colonial
Nematoda, Arthropoda,
Eumetazoa Mollusca, and Annelida)

Echinodermata
Bilateria

Chordata
Deuterostomia
A review of animal phylogeny
 Invertebrate diversity

PORIFERA (5,500 species) CNIDARIA (10,000 species)

A sponge A jelly
PLACOZOA (1 species) KINORHYNCHA (150 species)
0.5 mm

250 µm

A placozoan (LM) A kinorhynch (LM)

PLATYHELMINTHES (20,000 species) ROTIFERA (1,800 species)

A marine flatworm A rotifer (LM)

ECTOPROCTA (4,500 species) PHORONIDA (20 species)

Ectoprocts Phoronids
 Invertebrate Diversity
BRACHIOPODA (335 species) NEMERTEA (900 species)

A brachiopod A ribbon worm

ACANTHOCEPHALA (1,100 species) CTENOPHORA (100 species)
5 mm

An acanthocephalan A ctenophore, or comb jelly

MOLLUSCA (93,000 species) ANNELIDA (16,500 species)

An octopus A marine annelid

LORICIFERA (10 species) PRIAPULA (16 species)
50 µm

A loriciferan (LM) A priapulan

Invertebrate Diversity
NEMATODA (25,000 species) ARTHROPODA (1,000,000 + species)

A roundworm A scorpion (an arachnid)

CYCLIOPHORA (1 species) TARDIGRADA (800 species)
100 µm

100 µm

A cycliophoran (colorized SEM) Tardigrades (colorized SEM)

ONYCHOPHORA (110 species) HEMICHORDATA (85 species)

An onychophoran An acorn worm

ECHINODERMATA (7,000 species) CHORDATA (52,000 species)

A sea urchin A tunicate

Sponges (Phylum Porifera)
 Sponge characteristics
 Sessile
 Porousbody
 Choanocytes: flagellated collar cells generate a water current through
the sponge and ingest suspended food by phagocytosis
 Livein both fresh and marine waters
 Lack true tissues (groups of similar cells that form a functional unit). All
animals except sponges belong to the clade Eumetazoa, the
animals with true tissues
 Most sponges are hermaphrodites (each individual functions as both
male and female)
Sponges
 Sponges are suspension feeders
 Capturing food particles suspended in the water that passes
through their body
5 Choanocytes. The spongocoel
is lined with feeding cells called
choanocytes. By beating flagella, Flagellum
the choanocytes create a current that Food particles Choanocyte
draws water in through the porocytes. Collar in mucus

Azure vase sponge (Callyspongia Osculum

plicifera)
4 Spongocoel. Water
passing through porocytes
enters a cavity called the Phagocytosis of
spongocoel. food particles Amoebocyte
3 Porocytes. Water enters
the epidermis through 6 The movement of the choanocyte
channels formed by flagella also draws water through its
porocytes, doughnut-shaped Spicules collar of fingerlike projections. Food
cells that span the body wall. particles are trapped in the mucus
coating the projections, engulfed by
2 Epidermis. The outer
phagocytosis, and either digested or
layer consists of tightly
Water transferred to amoebocytes.
packed epidermal cells.
flow 7 Amoebocyte. Amoebocytes
1 Mesohyl. The wall of this transport nutrients to other cells of
simple sponge consists of the sponge body and also produce
two layers of cells separated materials for skeletal fibers (spicules).
by a gelatinous matrix, the
mesohyl (“middle matter”).
Cnidarians (Phylum Cnidaria)
 A diverse range of both
sessile and floating
organisms including
hydras, jellies, sea
anemones, and corals
 Cnidarian characteristics
 radial symmetry
 gastrovascular cavity
(digestive compartment)
 Cnidocytes movie
Cnidarian Body Plan
 Relatively simple diploblastic (two germ layers), radial body plan
 Basic body plan of a cnidarian is a sac with a central digestive compartment, the
gastrovascular cavity
 A single opening functions as both mouth and anus
 There are two variations on this body plan
 The sessile polyp and the floating medusa

Polyp Mouth/anus Medusa

Tentacle
Gastrovascular
cavity
Gastrodermis

Mesoglea
Epidermis
Body
stalk

Tentacle
Mouth/anus
Cnidarian Feeding
 Cnidarians are carnivores
 That use tentacles to capture prey
 The tentacles are armed with cnidocytes
 Unique cells that function in defense and the
capture of prey Prey

Tentacle

Threads can inject “Trigger”

poison into the prey, or Discharge

stick to or entangle the Of thread
Nematocyst
target
Coiled thread Cnidocyte
Classes of Phylum Cnidaria
Hydrozoan Life Cycle

3 Other polyps, specialized

2 Some of the colony’s for reproduction, lack 4 The medusae
polyps, equipped with tentacles, tentacles and produce tiny swim off, grow, and
are specialized for feeding. medusae by asexual budding. reproduce sexually.

Reproductive
polyp
Feeding
1 A colony of
polyp
interconnected
polyps (inset, Medusa
LM) results MEIOSIS
bud
from asexual Gonad
Medusa
reproduction
by budding. SEXUAL
Egg Sperm
REPRODUCTION

ASEXUAL
REPRODUCTION
Portion of (BUDDING)
a colony
of polyps FERTILIZATION

Zygote
Developing
polyp

Mature
polyp

Planula
(larva) Key

Haploid (n)
1 mm 6 The planula eventually settles 5 The zygote develops into a Diploid (2n)
and develops into a new polyp. solid ciliated larva called a planula.
 Classes: Hydrozoa, Scyphozoa, Cubozoa,
and Anthozoa

(b) Many species of jellies (class
Scyphozoa), including the
species pictured here, are
bioluminescent. The largest
scyphozoans have tentacles
more than 100 m long
dangling from a bell-shaped
a) These colonial polyps are members of body up to 2 m in diameter.
(c) The sea wasp (Chironex (d) Sea anemones and other
fleckeri) is a member of members of class Anthozoa
class Cubozoa. Its poison, exist only as polyps.
which can subdue fish and
other large prey, is more
potent than cobra venom.

class Hydrozoa.
Cnidarian Classes
 In the class Hydrozoa
 Most hydrozoans alternate between polyp and medusa forms. Freshwater Hydras exist only in the polyp form.

 In the class Scyphozoa

 Jellies (medusae) are the prevalent form of the life cycle

 In the class Cubozoa, which includes box jellies and sea wasps
 The medusa is box-shaped and has complex eyes

 Class Anthozoa includes the corals and sea anemones

 Which occur only as polyps
Hydra

Purple
coral
Hydra movie 1
Hydra movie 2
Coral reproduction
Jellyfish movie
Bilateria

 Most animals have bilateral symmetry

 The vast majority of animal species belong
to the clade Bilateria
 Which
consists of animals with bilateral
symmetry and triploblastic development
 Flatworms
 Members of phylum Platyhelminthes
 Live in marine, freshwater, and damp terrestrial
habitats. Some are parasitic.
 Are flattened dorsoventrally and have bilateral
symmetry
 Undergo triploblastic development
 Are acoelomates (lack a coelom) with gastrovascular
cavities.
 Lack a digestive system entirely and absorb
nutrients across their body surface.
Flatworm Classes
Turbellarians
 Are nearly all free-living and mostly marine
Turbellarians
 Planarians are common examples of
turbellarians
 They have light-sensitive eyespots and centralized
nerve nets
Pharynx. The mouth is at the
tip of a muscular pharynx that
extends from the animal’s
ventral side. Digestive juices
are spilled onto prey, and the
pharynx sucks small pieces of
food into the gastrovascular
cavity, where digestion continues.
Digestion is completed within
the cells lining the gastro-
vascular cavity, which has
three branches, each with
fine subbranches that pro-
vide an extensive surface area.
Undigested wastes
are egested
through the mouth.

Gastrovascular
cavity

Eyespots

Ganglia. Located at the anterior end Ventral nerve cords. From

of the worm, near the main sources the ganglia, a pair of
of sensory input, is a pair of ganglia, ventral nerve cords runs
dense clusters of nerve cells. the length of the body.
Monogeneans and Trematodes
 Live as parasites in or on
other animals They
parasitize a wide range of
hosts
 Most monogeneans are
parasites of fish
 Trematodes (Flukes) that
parasitize humans spend
part of their lives in snail
hosts
1 Mature flukes live in the blood vessels of the human
intestine. A female fluke fits into a groove running
the length of the larger male’s body, as shown in
Male
the light micrograph at right.
Female
5 These larvae penetrate
1 mm
the skin and blood
vessels of humans
2 Blood flukes reproduce
sexually in the human host.
working in irrigated
fields contaminated
The fertilized eggs exit the
host in feces.
with infected human
feces.
3 The eggs develop in
water into ciliated
larvae. These larvae
infect snails, the
intermediate hosts.
4 Asexual reproduction
within a snail results in
another type of motile
larva, which escapes from
the snail host. Snail host
Tapeworms (Class Cestoda)
 Are also parasitic and lack a digestive system

Proglottids with
reproductive structures
200 µm

Scolex Hooks
Sucker
Rotifers (Phylum Rotifera)
 Are tiny animals that inhabit fresh water, the ocean, and damp soil
 Rotifers are smaller than many protists
 But are truly multicellular and have specialized organ systems
 Rotifers have an alimentary canal
 A digestive tube with a separate mouth and anus that lies within a fluid-filled pseudocoelom
 Some species of rotifers reproduce by parthenogenesis
 In which females produce more females from unfertilized eggs

0.1 mm
Rotifers (Phylum Rotifera)
Rotifer movie 2
Three Phyla of Lophophorates:
Ectoprocts, Phoronids, and
Brachiopods
 Lophophorates have a lophophore
 A horseshoe-shaped, suspension-feeding
organ bearing ciliated tentacles that trap
suspended food particles
Ectoprocts
Are colonial animals that superficially resemble
plants
Lophophore

(a) Ectoprocts, such as this sea

mat (Membranipora
membranacea), are colonial
lophophorates.
Phoronids
 Aretube-dwelling marine worms ranging from 1 mm
to 50 cm in length

Lophophore

(b) In phoronids such as

Phoronis hippocrepia, the
lophophore and mouth
are at one end of an
elongated trunk.
Brachipods
 Superficially resemble clams and other hinge-
shelled molluscs
 But the two halves of the shell are dorsal and ventral
rather than lateral, as in clams

Lophophore

(c) Brachiopods have a hinged shell.

The two parts of the shell are
dorsal and ventral.
Nemerteans (Phylum Nemertea)
 Commonly called proboscis worms or ribbon worms
 The nemerteans unique proboscis
 Is used for defense and prey capture
 Is extended by a fluid-filled sac
 Nemerteans also have a closed circulatory system
 In which the blood is contained in vessels distinct from fluid in the body
cavity
Molluscs (Phylum Mollusca)
 Phylum Mollusca: Includes snails and slugs, oysters and
clams, and octopuses and squids
 Mollusc characteristics
 Body plan: muscular foot, visceral mass, and a mantle
 Mantle is a fold of tissue that drapes over the visceral mass and
secretes the shell.
 Most molluscs are marine, though some inhabit fresh water and
some are terrestrial
 Molluscs are soft-bodied animals, but most are protected by a
hard shell
 Most molluscs have separate sexes with gonads located in the
visceral mass
 The life cycle of many molluscs includes a ciliated larval stage
called a trochophore
 Mollusc anatomy
Nephridium. Excretory organs
called nephridia remove metabolic
wastes from the hemolymph.
Heart. Most molluscs have an open circulatory
system. The dorsally located heart pumps
circulatory fluid called hemolymph through arteries
into sinuses (body spaces). The organs of the
mollusc are thus continually bathed in hemolymph.

Visceral mass The long digestive tract is

coiled in the visceral mass.
Coelom Intestine
Gonads
Mantle Radula. The mouth
Stomach
Mantle region in many
Shell
cavity Mouth mollusc species
Radula
Anus contains a rasp-like
feeding organ
The nervous Gill called a radula. This
system consists belt of backward-
of a nerve ring curved teeth slides
around the back and forth,
esophagus, from Foot Nerve Mouth
cords Esophagus scraping and
which nerve scooping like a
cords extend. backhoe.
Classes of molluscs
Chitons
 Class Polyplacophora is composed of the
chitons (Oval-shaped marine animals encased
in an armor of eight dorsal plates)
Gastropods
 About three-quarters of all
living species of molluscs
belong to class Gastropoda

(a) A land snail

(b) A sea slug. Nudibranchs, or sea slugs, lost their shell

during their evolution.
 Gastropods
 Gastropod characteristics
 Most are marine, but there are
also many freshwater and
terrestrial species
 Possess a single, spiraled shell
 Slugs lack a shell or have a
Stomach
reduced shell Mantle Intestine
cavity
 The most distinctive characteristic Anus
of this class is a developmental
process known as torsion, which
Mouth
causes the animal’s anus and
mantle to end up above its head
Bivalves (Molluscs of class Bivalvia)
 Includemany species of clams, oysters,
mussels, and scallops
 Have a shell divided into two halves
Bivalves
 The mantle cavity of a bivalve contains gills that
are used for feeding as well as gas exchange
Hinge area Coelom
Mantle Gut
Heart
Shell Adductor
muscle
Mouth
Anus
Excurrent
siphon

Palp
Water
Foot flow
Mantle Incurrent
cavity Gill siphon
Clam locomotion
Cephalopods
 Class Cephalopoda includes squids and
octopuses
 Carnivores with beak-like jaws surrounded by
tentacles of their modified foot
Octopus
 Most octopuses creep along the sea floor in
search of prey

(a) Octopuses are considered among the

most intelligent invertebrates.
Squid
 Squids use their siphon to fire a jet of water,
which allows them to swim very quickly

(b) Squids are speedy carnivores with

beaklike jaws and well-developed eyes.
`One small group of shelled cephalopods

 The nautiluses, survives today

(c) Chambered nautiluses are the only living

cephalopods with an external shell.
Annelids
 Annelids
 Segmented worms
 Have bodies composed of a series of fused
rings
 3 Classes Oligochaeta, Polychaeta, Hirudinea
Classes of Annelida
Oligochaetes
 Oligochaetes (class Oligochaeta)
 Are named for their relatively sparse chaetae (bristles made of
chitin)
 Include the earthworms and a variety of aquatic species
 Earthworms eat their way through the soil, extracting
nutrients as the soil moves through the alimentary canal
 Which helps till the earth, making earthworms valuable to
farmers
 Earthworm anatomy
Coelom. The coelom
Each segment is surrounded by longitudinal muscle, which in Metanephridium. Each
of the earthworm is
turn is surrounded by circular muscle. Earthworms coordinate segment of the worm
partitioned by septa. contains a pair of
the contraction of these two sets of muscles to move (see
Figure 49.25). These muscles work against the noncompressible excretory tubes, called
coelomic fluid, which acts as a hydrostatic skeleton. metanephridia, with
Epidermis Cuticle
ciliated funnels, called
Circular Septum nephrostomes. The
Many of the internal metanephridia remove
muscle (partition
structures are repeated wastes from the blood
between
within each segment of and coelomic fluid
segments)
the earthworm. through exterior pores.

Longitudinal
Chaetae. Each segment Anus
muscle
has four pairs of Dorsal
chaetae, bristles that vessel
provide traction for
burrowing. Intestine
Tiny blood vessels are
abundant in the earthworm’s
skin, which functions as its
Nerve respiratory organ. The blood
Ventral
cords contains oxygen-carrying
vessel
Cerebral ganglia. The hemoglobin.
earthworm nervous system Nephrostome Clitellum
features a brain-like pair of Pharynx
cerebral ganglia above and Esophagus
Crop Metanephridium
in front of the pharynx. A ring
of nerves around the pharynx
Giant Australian earthworm
connects to a subpharyngeal Intestine
ganglion, from which a fused
pair of nerve cords runs
posteriorly. Gizzard
Mouth
Subpharyngeal
ganglion
Ventral nerve cords with segmental ganglia.
The circulatory system, a network of vessels,
The nerve cords penetrate the septa and run
is closed. The dorsal and ventral vessels are linked
the length of the animal, as do the digestive
by segmental pairs of vessels. The dorsal vessel
tract and longitudinal blood vessels.
and five pairs of vessels that circle the esophagus
of an earthworm are muscular and pump blood
through the circulatory system.
Polychaetes
 Members of class Polychaeta possess
paddlelike parapodia that function as gills and
aid in locomotion

Parapodia
Leeches
 Members of class
Hirudinea are
blood-sucking
parasites, such as
leeches
Nematodes (roundworms)
 Nematodes are nonsegmented
pseudocoelomates covered by
a tough cuticle
 Among the most widespread of
all animals, nematodes, or
roundworms
 Are found in most aquatic
habitats, in the soil, in moist
tissues of plants, and in the body
fluids and tissues of animals
Nematode movie
Nematodes
 The cylindrical bodies of nematodes are
covered by a tough coat called a cuticle

25 µm
 Nematodes
 Some species of nematodes are important
parasites of plants and animals
Encysted juveniles Muscle tissue 50 µm

Trichinella
spiralis
encysted in
human
muscle
tissue
Arthropods
 Arthropods are segmented coelomates that
have an exoskeleton and jointed
appendages
 Two out of every three known species of
animals are arthropods
 Members of the phylum Arthropoda
 Are found in nearly all habitats of the biosphere
Arthropod Characteristics
 The diversity and success of arthropods
 Arelargely related to their segmentation, hard
exoskeleton, and jointed appendages
 Arthropods have an open circulatory system
 Inwhich fluid called hemolymph is circulated into the
spaces surrounding the tissues and organs
 A variety of organs specialized for gas exchange
have evolved in arthropods
 The body of an arthropod is completely covered
by the cuticle, an exoskeleton made of chitin
 When an arthropod grows it molts its
exoskeleton in a process called ecdysis
Segmentation
 Early arthropods, such as trilobites
showed little variation from segment to
segment
 As arthropods evolved the segments
fused, and the appendages became more
specialized
 The appendages of some living
arthropods are modified for many different
functions
Cephalothorax Abdomen

Antennae
Head Thorax
(sensory
reception)

Swimming
appendages

Walking legs

Pincer (defense) Mouthparts (feeding)

Subphyla of Arthropoda
Cheliceriforms
 Named for clawlike
feeding appendages
called chelicerae
 Includes spiders, ticks,
mites, scorpions, and
horseshoe crabs
 Most of the marine
cheliceriforms are
extinct
 But some species
survive today,
including the
horseshoe crabs
 Cheliceriforms
 Most modern cheliceriforms are
arachnids
 A group that includes spiders,
scorpions, ticks, and mites 50 µm

(a) Scorpions have pedipalps that are pincers (b) Dust mites are ubiquitous scavengers in (c) Web-building spiders are generally
specialized for defense and the capture of human dwellings but are harmless except most active during the daytime.
food. The tip of the tail bears a poisonous to those people who are allergic to them
stinger. (colorized SEM).
Arachnids
 Arachnids have an abdomen and a cephalothorax
 Which has six pairs of appendages, the most anterior of which
are the chelicerae. (4 pairs of walking legs)

Intestine
Stomach
Digestive Brain
gland Heart

Eyes

Ovary Poison
gland

Anus
Book lung
Spinnerets
Gonopore Sperm Pedipalp
Chelicera
Silk gland (exit for eggs) receptacle
Myriapods
 Subphylum Myriapoda
 Includes millipedes and
centipedes
 Millipedes, class Diplopoda
 Have a large number of legs
 Each trunk segment has two
pairs of legs
 Centipedes, class
Chilopoda
 Are carnivores with jaw-like
mandibles
 Have one pair of legs per
trunk segment
Insects
 Subphylum Hexapoda, insects and their
relatives
 Are more species-rich than all other forms of
life combined
 Live in almost every terrestrial habitat and in
fresh water
 The internal anatomy of an insect includes
several complex organ systems
Insect anatomy
The insect body has three regions: head,
thorax, and abdomen. The segmentation Cerebral ganglion. The two nerve
of the thorax and abdomen are obvious, Heart. The cords meet in the head, where the
but the segments that form the head are fused. insect heart ganglia of several anterior segments
drives hemolymph are fused into a cerebral ganglion
Abdomen Thorax Head through an (brain). The antennae, eyes, and
Compound eye open circulatory other sense organs are concentrated
system. on the head.
Antennae
Ovary
Dorsal
artery Crop
Malpighian tubules. Anus
Metabolic wastes are
removed from the Vagina
hemolymph by excretory
organs called Malpighian
tubules, which are out-
pocketings of the
digestive tract.
Tracheal tubes. Gas exchange in insects is Nerve cords. The insect Insect mouthparts are formed from
accomplished by a tracheal system of branched, nervous system several pairs of modified appendages.
chitin-lined tubes that infiltrate the body and consists of a pair of The mouthparts include mandibles,
carry oxygen directly to cells. The tracheal ventral nerve cords which grasshoppers use for chewing.
system opens to the outside of the body with several In other insects, mouthparts are
through spiracles, pores that can control air segmental ganglia. specialized for lapping, piercing, or
flow and water loss by opening or closing. sucking.
 Insects
 Flight is one key to the great success of
insects
 An animal that can fly can escape predators,
find food, and disperse to new habitats much
faster than organisms that can only crawl
Metamorphosis
 Many insects undergo metamorphosis during their
development
 In incomplete metamorphosis, the young, called nymphs
 Resemble adults but are smaller and go through a series of molts
until they reach full size (example: grasshoppers)
 Insects with complete metamorphosis have larval stages
specialized for eating and growing that are known by such
names as maggot, grub, or caterpillar
 The larval stage looks entirely different from the adult stage
 Metamorphosis from the larval stage to the adult stage
occurs during a pupal stage
Metamorphosis

movie

(a) Larva (caterpillar)

(b) Pupa
(c) Pupa
(d) Emerging adult

(e) Adult
26 Orders of Insects
APPROXIMATE
ORDER NUMBER OF MAIN CHARACTERISTICS EXAMPLES
SPECIES

Blattodea 4,000 Cockroaches have a dorsoventrally flattened body, with legs

modified for rapid running. Forewings, when present, are
leathery, whereas hind wings are fanlike. Fewer than 40 cock- German
roach species live in houses; the rest exploit habitats ranging cockroach
from tropical forest floors to caves and deserts.

Coleoptera 350,000 Beetles comprise the most species-rich order of insects. They
have two pairs of wings, one of which is thick and leathery, the Japanese
other membranous. They have an armored exoskeleton and beetle
mouthparts adapted for biting and chewing. Beetles undergo
complete metamorphosis.

Dermaptera 1,200 Earwigs are generally nocturnal scavengers. While some

species are wingless, others have two pairs of wings, one of
which is thick and leathery, the other membranous. Earwigs
have biting mouthparts and large posterior pincers. They un-
dergo incomplete metamorphosis. Earwig

Diptera 151,000 Dipterans have one pair of wings; the second pair has become
modified into balancing organs called halteres. Their head is
large and mobile; their mouthparts are adapted for sucking,
piercing, or lapping. Dipterans undergo complete metamorpho- Horsefly
sis. Flies and mosquitoes are among the best-known dipterans,
which live as scavengers, predators, and parasites.

Hemiptera 85,000 Hemipterans are so-called “true bugs,” including bed bugs,
assassin bugs, and chinch bugs. (Insects in other orders are Leaf-
sometimes erroneously called bugs.) Hemipterans have two Footed
pairs of wings, one pair partly leathery, the other membranous. bug
They have piercing or sucking mouthparts and undergo
incomplete metamorphosis.

Hymenoptera 125,000 Ants, bees, and wasps are generally highly social insects. They
have two pairs of membranous wings, a mobile head, and
chewing or sucking mouthparts. The females of many species
have a posterior stinging organ. Hymenopterans undergo com-
plete metamorphosis.
Cicada-killer wasp

Isoptera 2,000 Termites are widespread social insects that produce enormous
colonies. It has been estimated that there are 700 kg of
termites for every person on Earth! Some termites have two
pairs of membranous wings, while others are wingless. They
feed on wood with the aid of microbial symbionts carried in
specialized chambers in their hindgut. Termite
26 Orders of Insects APPROXIMATE
ORDER NUMBER OF MAIN CHARACTERISTICS EXAMPLE
SPECIES

Lepidoptera 120,000 Butterflies and moths are among the best-known insects. They
have two pairs of wings covered with tiny scales. To feed, they
uncoil a long proboscis. Most feed on nectar, but some species
feed on other substances, including animal blood or tears. Swallowtail
butterfly

5,000 Dragonflies and damselflies have two pairs of large, membran-

Odonata ous wings. They have an elongated abdomen, large, compound
eyes, and chewing mouthparts. They undergo incomplete meta-
morphosis and are active predators.
Dragonfly

Orthoptera 13,000 Grasshoppers, crickets, and their relatives are mostly herbi-
vorous. They have large hind legs adapted for jumping, two
pairs of wings (one leathery, one membranous), and biting or
chewing mouthparts. Males commonly make courtship sounds
by rubbing together body parts, such as a ridge on their hind
leg. Orthopterans undergo incomplete metamorphosis.
Katydid

Phasmida 2,600 Stick insects and leaf insects are exquisite mimics of plants. The
eggs of some species even mimic seeds of the plants on which the
Insects live. Their body is cylindrical or flattened dorsoventrally.
They lack forewings but have fanlike hind wings. Their Stick insect
mouthparts are adapted for biting or chewing.

Phthiraptera 2,400 Commonly called sucking lice, these insects spend their entire
life as an ectoparasite feeding on the hair or feathers of a single
Human
host. Their legs, equipped with clawlike tarsi, are adapted for
Body
clinging to their hosts. They lack wings and have reduced eyes.
louse
Sucking lice undergo incomplete metamorphosis.

Siphonaptera 2,400 Fleas are bloodsucking ectoparasites on birds and mammals.

Their body is wingless and laterally compressed. Their legs are
modified for clinging to their hosts and for long-distance
jumping. They undergo complete metamorphosis.
Flea

Thysanura 450 Silverfish are small, wingless insects with a flattened body and
reduced eyes. They live in leaf litter or under bark. They can also
infest buildings, where they can become pests.

Silverfish

Trichoptera 7,100 The larvae of caddisflies live in streams, where they make houses
from sand grains, wood fragments, or other material held to-
gether by silk. Adults have two pairs of hairy wings and chewing
or lapping mouthparts. They undergo complete metamorphosis.
Caddisfly
Crustaceans
 While arachnids and insects thrive on land
 Crustaceans, for the most part, have remained in marine and
freshwater environments
 Crustaceans, subphylum Crustacea
 Typically have biramous (branched) appendages that are
extensively specialized for feeding and locomotion
Decapods
 Decapods are all relatively large crustaceans
 And include lobsters, crabs, crayfish, and shrimp

Ghost crabs (genus Ocypode) live on sandy ocean

beaches worldwide. Primarily nocturnal, they take
shelter in burrows during the day.
Decapod movie
Planktonic crustaceans
 Planktonic crustaceans include
many species of copepods
 Which are among the most
numerous of all animals

Planktonic crustaceans
known as krill are
consumed in vast
quantities by whales.
Barnacles
 Barnacles are a group of mostly sessile crustaceans
whose cuticle is hardened into a shell

The jointed appendages

projecting from the shells
of these barnacles capture
organisms and organic
particles suspended in
the water.
 Deuterostomes
 Echinoderms and chordates are
deuterostomes
 Chordates and echinoderms share the
characteristics of deuterostomes
 Radialcleavage
 Formation of the mouth at the end of the
embryo opposite the blastopore
Echinoderms
 Echinoderm characteristics
 Sea stars and most other echinoderms are slow-
moving or sessile marine animals
 A thin, bumpy or spiny skin covers an endoskeleton of
hard calcareous plates
 Unique to echinoderms is a water vascular system
network of hydraulic canals branching into tube feet that
function in locomotion, feeding, and gas exchange
Echinoderm movie
Echinoderm anatomy
Central disk. The central
disk has a nerve ring and
nerve cords radiating from
the ring into the arms.
Digestive glands secrete
digestive juices and aid in
the absorption and storage
of nutrients.
Radial canal. The water vascular
system consists of a ring canal in the
central disk and five radial canals,
each running in a groove down the
entire length of an arm.
A short digestive tract runs from the
mouth on the bottom of the central
disk to the anus on top of the disk.
The surface of a sea star is
Spine covered by spines that help
Stomach
defend against predators, as
Anus
well as by small gills that
Gills
provide gas exchange.
Madreporite. Water can flow
in or out of the water vascular
Radial
system into the surrounding
Gonads nerve
Ring water through the madreporite.
canal Ampulla
Podium
Tube
feet
Branching from each radial canal are hundreds of hollow, muscular tube
feet filled with fluid. Each tube foot consists of a bulb-like ampulla and
suckered podium (foot portion). When the ampulla squeezes, it forces
water into the podium and makes it expand. The podium then
contacts the substrate. When the muscles in the wall of the podium
contract, they force water back into the ampulla, making the podium
shorten and bend.
Echinoderm classes
 Sea Stars
 Sea stars, class Asteroidea
 Have multiple arms radiating from a central disk
 The undersurfaces of the arms bear tube feet,
each of which can act like a suction disk

(a) A sea star (class Asteroidea)

Brittle Stars
 Brittle stars have a distinct central disk
and long, flexible arms

(b) A brittle star (class Ophiuroidea)

Sea Urchins and Sand Dollars
 Sea urchins and sand dollars have no
arms, but they do have five rows of tube
feet that function in movement

Sand Dollar

Sea Urchin
Sea Lilies and Feather Stars
 Sea lilies live attached to the substrate by a stalk
 Feather stars
 Crawl about using their long, flexible arms

(d) A feather star (class Crinoidea)

Sea Cucumbers
 Sea cucumbers do not look much like
other echinoderms
 Theylack spines, and their endoskeleton is
much reduced

(e) A sea cucumber (class Holothuroidea)

Sea Daisies
 Sea daisies were discovered in 1986
 And only two species are known

(f) A sea daisy (class Concentricycloidea)

 Chordates (Phylum Chordata)
 Chordates
 Two subphyla of invertebrates as well as the
hagfishes and the vertebrates
 Share many features of embryonic development
with echinoderms
Review of Animal Phyla