EUTROPHICATION

EUTROPHICATION IS THE ARTIFICAL NUTRIENT ENRICHMENT OF AN

AQUATIC SYSTEM WITH ORGANIC MATERIAL OR ORGANIC NUTRIENTS,
CAUSING AN EXCESSIVE GROWTH OF AQUATIC PLANT LIFE

EUTROPHICATION

EUTROPHICATION CAN BE CAUSE BY :

>THE LEACHING OF INORGANIC FERTILISER, ESPECIALLY NITRATES AND PHOSPHATES,
FROM AGRICULTURE LANDS
>THE IMPUT OF UNTREATED SEWAGE AS WELL AS DISCHARGE FROM SEWAGE
TREATMENT PLANTS
>RUN-OFFS CONTAINING ANIMAL WASTES FROM PASTURES AND FARMLANDS INTO
LAKES, RIVERS OR PONDS
WHAT IS BOD ?

BIOCHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND (B.O.D) REFERS
TO THE AMOUNT OF OXYGEN THAT UTILISED
WHEN ALL OF THE ORGANIC MATTER IN ONE
LITRE OF WATER IS OXIDISED BY LIVING
ORGANISMS IN THE WATER
IF THERE IS A LARGE AMOUNT OF ORGANIC WASTE
IN THE WATER SUPPLY, THE QUANTITY OF AEROBIC
THE MEASUREMENT OF B.O.D. IS AN INDICATION BACTERIA WORKING TO DECOMPOSE THIS WASTE
OF THE LEVEL OF WATER POLLUTION WILL ALSO BE GREAT. IN THIS CASE, THE
DISSOLVED OXYGEN LEVEL IN THE WATER DECLINES
RAPIDLY

GENERALLY, AN INCREASE IN THE B.O.D. LEVEL

CORRESPONDS TO A DECREASE IN THE DISSOLVED
OXYGEN LEVELS . THE DISSOLVED OXYGEN LEVEL IS
AN INDICATION OF THE LEVEL OF WATER
POLLUTION. IT ASLO SHOWS HOW WELL THE
WATER CAN SUPPORT AQUATIC PLANT AND
ANIMAL LIFE .
A HIGHER DISSOLVED OXYGEN LEVEL (OR A LOWER
B.O.D. LEVEL) INDICATES BETTER WATER QUALITY.
A LOWER DISSOLVED OXYGEN LEVEL (OR A HIGHER
B.O.D. LEVEL ) INDICATES POOR WATER QUANLITY.
• THE PROCESS AND CONSEQUENCES OR EUTROPHICATION
1. DRAINING OF EXCESS NUTRIENTS INTO PONDS,LAKE OR RIVERS ENCOURAGES THE RAPID GROWTH OR
PHOTOSYNTHESISING ORGANISMS , ESPECIALLY ALGAE. THIS RESULTS IN A POPULATION EXPLOSION
KNOWN AS AN ALGAE BLOOM
2. THE EXCESSIVE GROWTH OF ALGAE RESTRICTS THE PENETRATION OF LIGHT INTO THE WATER. AS A
RESULT, THE PHOTOSYNTHESIS OF OTHER AQUATIC PLANTS IS GREATLY REDUCED AND THIS FURTHER
DECREASES THE SUPPLY OF OXYGEN IN THE WATER
3. THE ALGAE ALSO GROW FASTER THAN THEIR CONSUMERS . AS A RESULT, MOSTH OF THE ALGAE DIS
WITHOUT BEING CONSUMED .

4. AS THE PHOTOSYNTHETIC ORGANISMS DIE AND ORGANIC MATERIAL ACCUMULATES AT THE BOTTOM OF
LAKE, DECOMPOSING MICROORGANISMS, ESPECIALLY AEROBIC BACTERIA, GROW RAPIDLY AND USE UP
OXYGEN IN THE DEEPER WATERS AT A FAST RATE .
5. THE AEROBIC BACTERIA USE UP OXYGEN FASTER THAN IT CAN BE REPLENISHED. AN INCREASE IN THE
BIOCHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND (B.O.D.) CAUSES THE OXYGEN LEVELS TO DECREASE RAPIDLY.

6. THE LOW LEVEL OF OXYGEN CONCENTRATION KILLS LARGER AEROBIC AQUATIC ORGANISMS SUCH AS
FISH. ORGANISMS THAT REQUIRE HIGHER OXYGEN LEVELS (FOR EXAMPLE , FRESHWATER SHRIMPS AND
MAYFLY NYMPHS) WILL NOT SURVIVE.
7. IN EXTREME CASES, IF THE OXYGEN LEVEL CONTINUES TO DROP AND THE WATER BECOMES COMPLETELY
DEOXYGENATED, ANAEROBIC BACTERIA WILL GROW AND RELEASE TOXIC GASES SUCH AS HYDROGEN
SULPHIDE, CAUSING THE DEATH OF MANY AQUATIC ORGANISMS INCLUDING FISH.
8. DURING THE GROWTH OF ALGAE, CERTAIN BLUE-GREEN BACTERIA ALSO PRODUCE TOXINS THAT MAY
CAUSE THE DEATH OF FISH.
9. AT HIGH B.O.D. LEVELS, ORGANISMS THAT ARE MORE TOLERANT OF LOWER CONCENTRATIONS OF
DISSOLVED OXYGEN (FOR EXAMPLE, LEECHES,Tubifex WORMS AND SLUDGE WORMS) MAY APPEAR AND
MULTIPLY
THERMAL POLLUTION
~HOT WATER IS DISCHARGED INTO
CAUSES OF THERMAL
NEARBY LAKES AND RIVERS FROM
THE EFFLUENTS OF INDUSTRIAL
EFFECTS OF THERMAL
PROCESSES AND THE COOLING
TOWERS OF ELECTRICAL POWER
STATIONS WHICH USE WATER AS A
POLLUTION
COOLING AGENT .
~THE EXCESS HEAT THAT IS
RELEASES INTO THE
ENVIRONMENT LEADS TO
THERMAL POLLUTION.
POLLUTION
~THERMAL POLLUTION CAUSES
THE TEMPERATURE IN A BODY OF
WATER TO RISE ABOVE THE
NORMAL VALUE . THE INCREASE IN
TEMPERATURE CAN BE BETWEEN
5’C AND 10’C.
WAYS TO PREVENT THERMAL
~WATER TEMPETARUE CAN AFFECT THE ~CONTROL THE AMOUNT OF HOT
LEVEL OF DISSOLVED OXYGEN. WHEN WATER DISCHARGED FROM
THE TEMPERATURE OF WATER INDUSTRIAL PLANTS AND POWER
INCREASES, OXYGEN BECOMES LESS STATIONS INTO THE SURROUNDING
SOLUBLE IN WATER. LAKES AND RIVERS .
~ (a) FOR SOME SPECIES, A SUDDEN
~ CONTROL THE AMOUNT OF HOT
INCREASE IN TEMPETARURE CAN LEAD
TO INSTANT DEATH BECAUSE MANY WATER OR INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENTS
AQUATIC SPECIES CAN ONLY SURVIVE DISCHARGED INTO STILL OR SLOW-
WITHIN A CERTAIN RANGE OF MOVING RIVERS.
TEMPERATURE
(b) THE DEATH OF THESE SPECIES MAY
HAVE A NEGATIVE EFFECT ON THE FOOD
CHAIN, CAUSING THE ENTIRE
POLLUTION
ECOSYSTEM TO COLLAPES.
~FOR PTHER SPECIES, FOR EXAMPLE,
ALGAE, AN INCREASE IN TEMPERATURE
ACTUALLY ENCOURAGES THEIR RAPID
GROWTH WHICH, IN TURN, LEADS TO A
HIGHER B.O.D. VALUE .
~IF THE TEMPERATURE INCREASE
CANTINUES OVER A LONG PERIOD, THIS
MAY RESULTS IN PARMANENT CHANGES
IN THE SPECIES COMPOSITION OF THE
AQUATIC ECOSYSTEM.
NOISE POLLUTION

4. EXCESSIVE EXPOSURE TO
HIGH LEVELS OF NOISE IS
1. NOISE FROM CAR, 3. ACCORDING TO THE WORLD
CONSIDERED A HEALTH RISK
MOTOCYCLES, AEROPLANES, HEALTH ORGANISATION
2. THE NOISE LEVEL OF BECAUSE NOISE CAN
CONSTRUCTION SITES, (WHO) , PROLONGED
RESIDENTIAL AREAS SHOULD CONTRIBUTE TO STRESS-
AGRICULTURAL AND EXPOSURE TO NOISE LEVELS
NOT EXCEED 55 DECIBES (dB). RELATED PROBLEMS SUCH AS
INDUSTRIAL MACHINERY CAN AT OR ABOVE 80 DECIBELS
HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE,
BE A FORM OF POLLUTION. (dB) CAN LEAD TO DEAFNESS.
CORONARY DISEASE, ULCERS,
DEPRESSION AND HEADACHES

5. LOUD NOISE CAN CAUSE

AN AROUSAL RESPONSE IN
WHICH A SERIES OF
REACTIONS OCCURS IN THE
BODY. ADRENALINE IS
RELEASED INTO THE 6. IT IS POSSIBLE THAT
BLOODSTREAM. A REPETITIVE OR CONSTANT
PERSON’S HEARTBEAT EXPOSURE TO NOISE CAN BE
RATE, BLOOD PRESSURE, HARMFUL TO HEALTH.
AND RESPIRATION RATE
ARE LIKELY TO INCREASE .
THE BLOOD VESSELS
CONSTRICT AND THE
MUSCLES BECOME TENSE.
9.2 the greenhouses effects and the thinning of
the ozone layer
THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT
7. SCIENTISTS BELIVE THAT THE COMBUSTION OF FOSSIL FUELS (COAL,PERTROLEUM, AND NATURAL GAS)AND OTHER HUMAN ACTIVITIES SUCH
AS INCREASED DEFORESTATION AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION ARE THE PRIMARY REASONS FOR THE INCREASED CONCENTRATIONS OF
ATMOSPHERIC CARBON DIOXIDE .

8. AS THE CONCENTRATION O GREENHOUSE GASES RISES, THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT INCREASES, TRAPPING MORE THAN IN THE ATMOSPHERE
AND RAISING THE AVERAGE TEMPERATURE ON EARTH.

9. THIS OVERALL RISE IN THE AVERAGE TEMPERATURE OF THE ATMOSPHERE IS KNOWN AS GLOBAL WARMING. THE INCREASE IN ATMOSPHERIC
TEMPERATURE HAS BEEN HIGH ENOUGH TO CAUSE CHANGES IN THE GLOBAL CLIMATE.

10. OVER THE LAST 40 YEARS, THE AVERAGE TEMPERATURE ON EARTH HAS INCREASED BY ABOUT 0.2-0.3’C.

11. IN MALAYSIA, TEMPERATURE HAVE BEEN RISING AT THE 0.18’C EVERY DECADE

12. WITHOUT EMISSION CONTROL POLICIES, IT IS PROJECTED THAT CARBON DIOXIDE CONCENTRATIONS WILL BE 30-150% HIGHER THAN THE
PRESENT LEVEL. THE AVERAGE TEMPERATURE ON EARTH MAY RISE BETWEEN 1.5’C AND 4.5’C BY 2100

13. FIGURE SHOWS THE LINK BETWEEN THE INCREAS IN CARBON DIOXIDE LEVELS AND THE INCREASE IN THE AVERAGE GLOBAL TEMPERATURE
MEAN ANNUAL TEMPERATURE IN MALAYSIA
THE EFFECTS OF GLOBAL WARMING
CLIMATE CHANGES
• GLOBAL WARMING LEADS TO
OCCURRENCE OF FLOODS CHANGES IN WIND DIRECTION
• AS THE MEAN AND THE DISTRIBUTION OF
TEMPERATURE RISES, THE RAINFALL. AS A RESULT,
POLAR ICE CAPS AND AGRICULTURAL ACTIVITIES ARE
GLACIERS MELT. AFFECTED.
• THIS CAUSES A RISE IN SEA • GLOBAL WARMING CAUSES
LEVELS. WEATHER PATTERNS TO
• A RISE IN SEA LEVELS CAUSES CHANGE. THIS AFFECTS THE
LOW-LYING AREAS TO BE DISTRIBUTION OF SPECIES
FLOODED. WHICH MAY LEAD TO THE
EXTINCTION OF SPECIES IN
CERTAIN REGIONS.

OCCURRENCE OF SPREAD OF DISEASES

DROUGHT WITH WARMING CLIMATES, PESTS
• GLOBAL WARMING AND VECTORS MAY SPREAD TO
INCREASE THE FREQUENCY NEW AREAS.
OF DROUGHT. THE WARMER CONDITIONS LEAD
• THE LAND BECOMES DRY TO AN EXPANSION OF
AND INFERTILE. TERRITORIES FOR DISEASE-
• THIS LEADS TO A DROP IN CARRYING VECTORS, RESULTING
CROP YIELDS. IN AN INCREASE IN THE
OUTBREAKS OF DISEASES SUCH
AS MALARIA AND DENGUE FEVER.
THE INCREASE IN GLOBAL TEMPETATURES PARALLELS THE INCREASE IN THE
CONCENTRATION OF ATMOSPHERIC CARBON DIOXIDE
 1. BELOW ARE SOME OF THE STEPS WHICH CAN BE
TAKEN TO REDUCE THE GREENHOUSE EFFECTS.
-REDUCE THE BURNING OF FOSSIL FUELS TO
CONSERVE ENERGY.
-DEVELOP ALTERNATIVE SOURCES OF ENERGY SUCH AS
WIND, SOLAR AND GEOTHERMAL ENERGY.
-REDUCE DEFORESTATIONFOR FARMING
-REPLANT TREES WHICH HAVE BEEN CUT DOWN

SOLUTION
OF GLOBAL
WARMING
3. INTERNATIONAL TREATIES THAT BIND
2. INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION COUNTRIES TO THEIR COMMITMENT OF
AS WELL AS INDIVIDUAL ACTION LIMITING AND REDUCING THE AMOUNT OF
IS NEEDED TO LESSEN THE CARBON DIOXIDE AS WELL AS OTHER
EFFECTS OF GLOBAL WARMING. GREENHOUSE GASES WHICH ARE RELEASED
INTO THE ATMOSPHERE MUST BE
IMPLEMENTED .
THE THINNING OF THE OZONE LAYER.
• THE OZONE LAYER IS AREGION IN THE STRATOSPHERE, BETWEEN 20 AND 25 KILOMETRES ABOVE THE SURFACE OF THE
EARTH.
• THE OZONE LAYER CONTAINS HUGH CONCENTRATIONS OF OZONE MOLECULES (O3) THAT ABSORB ULTRAVIOLET (UV)
• THE OZONE LAYER IS AREGION IN THE STRATOSPHERE, BETWEEN 20 AND 25 KILOMETRES ABOVE THE SURFACE OF THE EARTH.
RADIATION AND SHIELD ORGANISMS FROM ITS DAMAGING EFFECTS.
• THE OZONE LAYER CONTAINS HUGH CONCENTRATIONS OF OZONE MOLECULES (O3) THAT ABSORB ULTRAVIOLET (UV) RADIATION AND
a) THE THINNING
SHIELD OF THE
ORGANISMS FROM OZONE LAYER HAS
ITS DAMAGING BEEN RECORDED BY SCIENTISTS SINCE THE 1970s.
EFFECTS.
a) THE THINNING OF THE OZONE LAYER HAS BEEN RECORDED BY SCIENTISTS SINCE THE 1970s.
b)b) ININ1985,IT
1985,ITWAS
WAS REPORTED
REPORTED THATTHAT THE
THE STRATOSPHERIC
STRATOSPHERIC OZONEOZONE OVER
OVER THE THE ANTARCTICA
ANTARCTICA HAD BY
HAD DECLINED DECLINED BY1977.
40% SINCE 40% SINCE
c) 1977.
THE ATMOSPHERE IN THIS AREA HAS VERY LOW OZONE CONCENTRATIONS, RESULTING IN THE FORMATION OF AN OZONE HOLE. AN
c) THE OZONE HOLE HASINNOW
ATMOSPHERE THIS APPEARED ABOVE
AREA HAS VERY THEOZONE
LOW ARCTICCONCENTRATIONS,
AS WELL. RESULTING IN THE FORMATION OF AN OZONE HOLE. AN
• OZONE
CONSEQUENTLY, UV RADIATION HAS RISEN BY 7% PER DECADE
HOLE HAS NOW APPEARED ABOVE THE ARCTIC AS WELL. IN THE NORTHERN HEMISPHERE AND BY 10% PER DECADE IN THE
SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE.
• •CONSEQUENTLY,
THIS LAYER OFUV RADIATION
OZONE SHIELDSHASUSRISEN
FROMBYEXCESSIVE
7% PER DECADE IN THE RADIATION
ULTRAVIOLET NORTHERNFROM
HEMISPHERE
THE SUN.AND BY 10% PER DECADE IN THE
SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE.
• THIS LAYER OF OZONE SHIELDS US FROM EXCESSIVE ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION FROM THE SUN.
 Causes of ozone depletion
1. The destruction of the ozone layer is mainly due to
the increasing levels of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) in
the atmosphere.
2. CFCs are very active chemicals that contain chlorine,
carbon and fluorine. Ways to reduce ozone depletion
3. CFCs are used as coolants in air conditioners and 1. Reduce or stop the use of CFCs.
refrigerators, propellants in aerosol cans and foaming 2. Replace the use of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) with
agents in the making of Styrofoam packaging. hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) and hydrofluorocarbons
4. CFCs are extremely stable and can remain in the (HFCs). Unlike CFCs these gases breake down in the
environment for as long as 75 to 100 years . atmosphere and return to earth in the form of rainwater.
5. once in the stratosphere , CFCs are broken down by
ultraviolet rays.
6. As a result, the highly reactive chlorine radicals (Cl)are
released.
7. These chlorine radicals break down the ozone
molecules (O3) in a chain reaction.

The effects of ozone depletion

1, The consequences of ozone depletion are very severe. Prolonged exposure to ultraviolet radiation can lead to
higher risks of
• Skin cancer, such as melamona. Ultraviolet radiation cause mutations that can lead to skin cancer.
• Cataracts
• Sunburns
2. Ultraviolet radiation weakens the immune system and the ability of the body to resist infectious diseases.
3. Ultraviolet radiation reduces the nutrient contents and crop yields of plants such as soya beans and peas.
4.Leaf cells and chlorophll are easily damaged by the ultraviolet rays. This lowers the rate of photosynthesis and
reduces crop yields.
5.Ultraviolet rays kill microorganisms and phytoplankton that are at the bottom of the marine food chain, the
base on which most of the world’s population depends for protein.
6. Ozone depletionalso leads to an increase in the temperature on Earth.
7. High levels of ultraviolet radiation can damaged the eggs of certain amphibians.
9.3 THE IMPORTANCES OF PROPER
MANAGEMENT OF DEVELOPMENT
ACTIVITIES AND THE ECOSYSTEM
 THE NEED FOR DEVELOPMENT AND THE EFFECTS OF AN INCREASED
POPULATION ON THE ECOSYSTEM.

• WE HAVE EXAMINED CLOSELY HOW HUMAN ACTIVITIES CAN CAUSES SO MUCH DESTRUCTION TO THE
ENVIRONMENT. HOWEVER, THIS DOES NOT MEAN HUMANS ALWAYS HAVE TO ENFLUENCE THE
ENVIRONMENT IN A NEGATIVE WAY. WE CAN ALSO BRING ABOUT POSITIVE EFFECTS ON THE ENVIRONMENT
BY TAKING MEASURES TO CARRY OUT PROPER MANAGEMENT OF DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITIES SUCH AS
CONSERVING AND PRESERVING LIVING ORGANISMS AND THE ENVIRONMENT.
• AS THE COUNTRY’S POPULATION CANTINUES TO INCREASE, SO DO THE PEOPLE’S NEEDS. THE EARTH’S
NATURAL RESOURCES ARE RELENTLESSLY EXPLOITED TO FULFIL THESE NEEDS. RECALL FROM THE UNIT 9.1
HOW THE RAINFORESTS DISAPPEAR TO MAKE WAY FOR DEVELOPMENT. FOR EXAMPLE, TO PROVIDE
ELECTRICAL POWER TO THE WHOLE COUNTRY, DAMS ARE CONSTRUCTED ACROSS RIVERS WITH LITTLE
CONSIDERATION OF THEIR IMPACT ON THE ENVIRONMENT.
• IN THE PROCESS, HUMANS INTERFERE WITH THE BALANCE OF NATURE THROUGH THEIR ACTIVITIES AND
CONTAMINATE THE ENVIRONMENT WITH POLLUTANTS. CONFLICTS THEREFOREARISE, BETWEEN THE NEED
TO MEET THE REQUIREMENTS OF AN INCREASING POPULATION AND THE NEED TO DEAL WITH GROWING
ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS .
MANAGING DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITIES TO ENSURE A BALANCE
ECOSYSTEM .
• IT IS OBVIOUS THAT WE CANNOT CONTINUE TO POLLUTE THE EARTH WITHOUT FACING THE CONSEQUENCES. OUR DEMANDS FOR
RESOURCES HAVE TO BE BALANCED WITH THE NEED TO SUSTAIN THE RESOURCES THEMSELVES. THE KEY TO SOLVING THI ISSUE IS
• SUSTAINABLE
IT IS OBVIOUSDEVELOPMENT.
THAT WE CANNOT CONTINUE TO POLLUTE THE EARTH WITHOUT FACING THE CONSEQUENCES. OUR DEMANDS FOR
RESOURCES HAVE TO BE BALANCED WITH THE NEED TO SUSTAIN THE RESOURCES THEMSELVES. THE KEY TO SOLVING THI ISSUE IS
• A COUNTRY IS DEVELOPING IF THERE IS CONTINUOUS DEVELOPMENT AND IMPROVEMENT IN THE LIVES OF THE PEOPLE. THIS WOULD
SUSTAINABLE
INCLUDE HEALTH,DEVELOPMENT.
EDUCATION AND OTHER LIVING CONDITIONS. TO BE SUSTAINABLE, THE DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITIES MUST GO ON
• WITHOUT
A COUNTRY JEOPARDISING OR IF
IS DEVELOPING THERE IS CONTINUOUS
DAMAGING THE RESOURCESDEVELOPMENT AND IMPROVEMENT
OF THE COUNTRY . DEVELOPMENTINACTIVITIES
THE LIVESMUST
OF THE PEOPLE.
TAKE INTO THIS WOULD
CONSIDERATION
INCLUDE
THE HEALTH, EDUCATION
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT. ITAND OTHER LIVING
IS IMPERATIVE CONDITIONS.
THAT WE SHOULD TONOT
BE SUSTAINABLE,
LOOK ONLY FOR THE DEVELOPMENT
SHORT-TERM GAINS ACTIVITIES MUST GO THE
WHILE IGNORING ON LONG
WITHOUT
TERM JEOPARDISING
EFFECTS OR DAMAGING THE RESOURCES OF THE COUNTRY . DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITIES MUST TAKE INTO CONSIDERATION
ON THE ENVIRONMENT.
THE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT. IT IS IMPERATIVE THAT WE SHOULD NOT LOOK ONLY FOR SHORT-TERM GAINS WHILE IGNORING THE LONG
• SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT DEPENDS LARGERLY ON THE RATE AT WHICH WE USE THE RENEWABLE RESOURCES. THE GOAL IS TO EXPLOIT
TERM EFFECTS ON THE ENVIRONMENT.
NATURAL RESOURCES IN A SUSTAINABLE MANNER SO THAT GIVEN TIME, THESE RESOURCES CAB REPLENISH THEMSELVES AND BE
• AVAILABLE
SUSTAINABLE FORDEVELOPMENT DEPENDSWITHOUT
FUTURE GENERATIONS LARGERLYEXPERIENCING
ON THE RATE AT WHICH WE
A DECLINE. FORUSE THE RENEWABLE
EXAMPLE, RESOURCES.
FOREST MUST THE GOAL
BE MANAGED IS TO EXPLOIT
PROPERLY SO
NATURAL RESOURCES IN A SUSTAINABLE MANNER SO THAT GIVEN TIME, THESE RESOURCES CAB REPLENISH
THAT THEY CAN CONTINUE RO PERFORM THEIR VITAL ENVIRONMENTAL FUNCTIONS AND REALISE THEIR ENORMOUS ECONOMIC THEMSELVES AND BE
AVAILABLE FOR
POTENTIAL. ONEFUTURE
WAY TO GENERATIONS WITHOUT
EXPLOIT OUR FORESTS INEXPERIENCING A DECLINE.
THE SUSTAINABLE MANNER FOR EXAMPLE,
IS TO FOREST
MAKE SURE WEMUST BE MANAGED
ESTABLISH PROPERLY
A LEVEL OF SELECTIVESO
THAT THEY CAN
HARVESTING . SOCONTINUE
THAT WE DO RONOT
PERFORM THEIRTHAN
TAKE MARE VITAL CAN
ENVIRONMENTAL FUNCTIONS
BE REPLENISHED. AND REALISE
THE NUMBER THEIRTREES
OF MATURE ENORMOUS
WHICH ECONOMIC
CAN BE REMOVED
MUST BE REPLACED
POTENTIAL. ONE WAY BY TO
REPLANTING
EXPLOIT OURNERFORESTS
TREES. GREATER PRODUCTIVITY
IN THE SUSTAINABLE FROM IS
MANNER EXISTING
TO MAKEAGRICULTURAL LANDS WILL
SURE WE ESTABLISH ALSO
A LEVEL OFREDUCE
SELECTIVETHE
PRESSURE
HARVESTING TO CONVERT
. SO THAT MORE
WE DOFORESTS
NOT TAKE TOMARE
THESETHAN
USES.CAN
IN THIS WAY, WE CAN THE
BE REPLENISHED. STILLNUMBER
COUNTINUE TO FARM
OF MATURE AND WHICH
TREES HARVEST TIMBER
CAN WHILE
BE REMOVED
PROTECTING THE EARTH’S
MUST BE REPLACED BIODIVERSITY.
BY REPLANTING NER TREES. GREATER PRODUCTIVITY FROM EXISTING AGRICULTURAL LANDS WILL ALSO REDUCE THE
PRESSURE TO CONVERT MORE FORESTS TO THESE USES. IN THIS WAY, WE CAN STILL COUNTINUE TO FARM AND HARVEST TIMBER WHILE
PROTECTING THE EARTH’S BIODIVERSITY.
 I , Nadia Najihah binti Yusaini from 4 Sains Cemerlang like those who have been indirectly or directly
I , Nadia Najihah in
involved the
binti making
Yusaini from 4ofSains
this Cemerlang
folio titledlike“ENDANGERED
those who have beenECOSYSTEM”
indirectly or directlyMinistry
involved in Ofthe making of this
Education’s
folio titled “ENDANGERED effort in organizing
ECOSYSTEM” the Of
Ministry making of this
Education’s folio
effort is highlytheappreciated
in organizing making of this in a isway
folio highlyofappreciated
in a way of increasingstudents
increasing students understanding
understanding in biology .Hence, .Hence,
in biology not onlystudent’s
not only increasing level ofstudent’s
increasing understanding level ofalso
, but
increasing the value of studying biology as it is related to our living .By doing this folio, it does not only increase my understanding
understanding , but also increasing the value of studying biology as it is related to our living
towards biology ,also it makes me grow enthusiastic towards the intriguing subject, biology .I have now completed a paperwork on
the topic.By doing this folio, it does not
“ENDANGEREDECOSYSTEM” basedonly increase
on the myinunderstanding
last chapter the form 4 syllabustowards biology
.Nevertheless ,I felt ,also it makes
relief and grateful
me grow
upon having enthusiastic
such fabulous companiontowards the intriguing
and references who were subject,
my biology biology
teacher.IMiss
have now,my
Faridah completed
parents ,helpfula friends also
siblingspaperwork on the totopic
.I was really thankful those“ENDANGEREDECOSYSTEM”
who have helped me out ,being supportive based on the
yet helpful last chapter
especially in providing in extrain
the form
formation on the topic which is given to in the making of this folio .Without their help surely I will not be able to make this folio as a
4 syllabus
satisfying .Nevertheless
piece . Last but not the least, ,Ithank
felt you
relief
onceand grateful
again to thoseupon
who has having
helpedsuch
directlyfabulous
or indirectly companion
in the makingand of the
folio . references who were my biology teacher Miss Faridah ,my parents ,helpful friends also
siblings .I was really thankful to those who have helped me out ,being supportive yet helpful
especially in providing extrain formation on the topic which is given to in the making of this
folio .Without their help surely I will not be able to make this folio as a satisfying piece . Last
but not the least, thank you once again to those who has helped directly or indirectly in the
making of the folio .