PRODUCTIVITY

GROWTH:

THE
INDUSTRIAL
REVOLUTION

Presented by:
Mirasol C. Silva
17-MPMG-006
An Industrial Revolution at its core
occurs when a society shifts from using
tools to make products to using new
sources of energy, such as coal, to power
machines in factories. It’s a shift from the
home to the factory, from the country to the
city, from human or animal power to
engines powered by fossil fuels (coal, and
later, oil).
PRE-INDUSRTIAL SOCIETY
• Almost all people work
• Families lived on small plots of land, growing
crops mostly for consumption
• Children learned to milk cows and farm
animals
• The English diet consisted mostly of dark rye
bread and porridge with very little meat
• Most people were illiterate and rarely bathed
• Their idea of healthcare was that physical
suffering from an illness was God’s divine way
of purifying the soul
The revolution started in England, with series of innovations to
make labor more efficient and productive.
FACTORS WHY:
1. The Agricultural Revolution
2. Population growth
3. Financial Innovations
4. The enlightenment and the Scientific
Revolution
5. Navigable Rivers and Canals
6. Coal and Iron
7. Government Policies
8. World Trade
9. The Cottage Industry
INDUSTRIAL INNOVATIONS
Textile Inventions
• 1700s, cotton textiles had many production
advantages over other types of cloth
FLYING SHUTTLE

1733
James Kay

• A worker pulled a cord of rope back and forth to

send a small piece of canoe-shaped wood, or
shuttle, “flying” across a wood frame through
threads to weave cloth.
• This double worker productivity: one adult weaver
could accomplish the work of two.
• The invention was a small improvement and was still
powered by people rather than coal, wind or water.
SPINNING JENNY
• James Hargreaves, 1764
• Had 8 spindles
• Could produce eightfold
the amount a worker
could
• Could fit into a small
cottage and be operated
by unskilled worker,
including children
 WATER FRAME

1769
Richard Arkwright
• spinning factory opened in 1771 It was an
immediate success, spinning strong, high quality
threads cheaply and better that those spun by hand
or a spinning jenny.
• spun 24 hour a day, employing mostly women and
children on 12-hour shifts.
• Each water frame spun 91 spools at a time, more
than almost 100 people could spin on an old
spinning wheel.
SPINNING MULE
• 1774
• Samuel Crompton
• combined the spinning and
weaving process into one
machine called Spinning
Mule
• like a mule, it was the
offspring of two different
types of parents
• Raw cotton could be
introduced in one end and
produce cloth on the other
POWER LOOM
• 1785

• Edmund Cartwright

• Powered by steam
and thus replaced
the flying shuttle,
which could not
compete with the
new loom’s weaving
speed and efficiency.
THE IRON INDUSTRY
• Iron had been used for agricultural tools,
chains, locks, bolts, nails, horse stirrups,
scythes, sickles and anchors.

• In 18th century, ironmongers began to

experiment with ways to tease out more
impurities from iron. They wanted to make
their iron stronger and less expensive, and
they also wanted to make the tedious
process of iron-making more efficient.
• Henry Cort, an ironmaster pursuing a way to refine
iron, discovered two methods that changed the
industry, called “Puddling and Rolling” and
patented it in 1785.
• He reheated bars of iron, melting them down to a
paste, mixed the paste and heated it with coke (a
substance burned off from coal), then stirred it so
that the carbon and many impurities burned off.
The purified iron was rolled up into a puddled ball
and finally rolled out to squeeze out any dross that
remained.
• This iron-refining process allowed England to stop
importing iron from northern Europe and instead to
grow the largest iron industry in the world.
STEAM ENGINE
• The steam engine was
the energy behind the
most advanced textile
inventions, such as the
spinning mule and the
power loom.

• It symbolized the
transition from human
power in homes to
machine power in
factories.
NEWCOMEN’S STEAM ENGINE
• 1708
• Thomas Newcomen
• Boiled water created steam
which entered a chamber of
cylinder, which pushed a
piston up. The piston lifted a
pump.
• This worked slowly, could
only create a pumping
motion and not a rotating
motion that might be used to
grind wheat or move
machinery.
WATT’S ROTARY STEAM ENGINE
• 1760s, James Watt
• This was being perfected just at
the same moment that iron-
working improved and textile
inventions were becoming more
powerful, greater in size, sizeable
and in need of better, cheaper
and more reliable power sources.
• In 1782, the year after Watt
perfected the rotary steam
engine, there were only two
cotton mill factories in
Manchester. Twenty years later,
there were more than 50.
THE FACTORY

• Derived from “manufactory”

• John Lombe, a British silk mill worker
• Travelled to Northern Italy to steal designs for
secret Italian machines that spun and wove the
silk
• Patented in 1719 as his own idea, built a factory
• Five-storey building, employed 200 men
 RAILROADS
• The steam engine sparked
innovative methods of
transportation.
• There were over 1,000 railways by
1800, most of them connected to an
iron pit or a coal mine with a canal
or river.
• All of these railways were drawn by
horses which were the best form of
land transportation.
• The first full-scale steam-powered
locomotive took its maiden voyage
down the main street of Camborne,
England on Christmas Eve in 1801.
THE CORNISH PUFFER
• Invented by Richard
Trevithick, drove like a
car without rails

• Succeeded in hauling
ten tons of bar iron
and seventy
passengers along rails
at a speed of five
miles per hour
THE ROCKET

• George Stephenson and son Robert invented a

locomotive named The Rocket” which defeated
five competitors and reached average speeds of
at least 29 miles per hour.
THE SPREAD OF INDUSTRIALIZATION
AND ITS PHASES
The First Phase (1770s to 1870s)
• Britain, other countries in Northern and Western
Europe-especially France and Germany, and the
United States.
• Textile inventions led the way and steam power
became the dominant technology
• Coal, iron and steel also became key industries.
• Cheap manufactured goods from Europe
• The rest of the world became more dependent on
supplying raw materials, such as oil and rubber,
and export crops, such as sugar, coffee, cotton and
fruit.
The Second Phase (1880s to 1950s)
• Russia, Japan, Australia, New Zealand and other nations in
Eastern and Southern Europe
• The last craft industries, such as shoemaking and
glassmaking, became industrialized
• The most developed countries, such as the United States,
mass-produced consumer goods-such as dishwashers,
furniture, and even houses-for the growing middle classes.
• The service sector grew and matured with jobs for
teachers, waiters, accountants, lawyers, police and clerks.
• Key inventions included the assembly line, the automobile
and the airplane.
• Western countries and businesses typically controlled world
trade and took direct or indirect control of key industries in
less developed countries, enriching themselves in the
process.
The Third Phase (1960s to present)
• “Asian Tigers” (Hong Kong, Singapore, Taiwan, South Korea)
rapidly industrialized by taking advantage of their educated
and cheap labor to export inexpensive manufactured goods to
the West.
• China, India, Brazil, Chile, and Argentina began to develop key
economic sectors for export in the global economy.
• The world moved gradually toward global free trade.
• Western countries in Europe and North America turned
increasingly to service and high technology economies as
manufacturing moved to the cheap labor markets of
developing countries.
• The key new inventions of this phase were the computer and
the internet. This era is now referred to as the “Post-Industrial
Age”-since the most developed countries focus on service jobs
rather than manufacturing-or the “Information Age.”
 REFERENCES

https://webs.bcp.org
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