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3 Basic Differentiation
Formulas
d example: y 3 y 0
c 0
dx
If n is any real number, then d n n 1
x nx
dx
Examples: f x x 4 f x 4 x3
y x8 y 8 x 7
Example: y x 12 x
4
y 4 x 12
3
y x 2x 2 dy
4x 4x
4 2 3
Example:
dx
Example:
Find the horizontal tangents of: y x4 2x2 2
dy
4 x3 4 x
dx
Horizontal tangents occur when slope = zero.
4 x3 4 x 0 Plugging the x values into the
original equation, we get:
x3 x 0
y 2, y 1, y 1
x x 1 0
2
x x 1 x 1 0
x 0, 1, 1
4
y x4 2x2 2
3
2 y2
1 y 1
-2 -1 0 1 2
-1
-2
Consider the function y sin
We could make a graph of the slope: slope
1
0
2
0 1
0
Now we connect the dots! 2
The resulting curve is a cosine curve. 1
d
sin x cos x
dx
We can do the same thing for y cos
slope
0
1
2
0 0
1
2
The resulting curve is a sine curve that has
been reflected about the x-axis. 0
d
cos x sin x
dx
2.4 The Product and
Quotient Rules
The Product Rule:
d dv du
uv u v Notice that this is not just the
product of two derivatives.
dx dx dx
dx
d 2
x 3 2
x 3
5 x
x 2 3 6 x 2 5 2 x3 5 x 2x
6 x 4 5 x 2 18 x 2 15 4 x 4 10 x 2
10 x 4 33x 2 15
The Quotient Rule:
du dv
v u u v du u dv
d u dx dx d
or
2
dx v v2 v v
Example:
d 2 x 5x
3
x 2
3 6 x 2 5 2 x3 5 x 2 x
dx x 2 3 x 3
2
2
We can find the derivative of the tangent function by
using the quotient rule.
d cos 2 x sin 2 x
tan x
dx cos 2 x
d sin x 1
dx cos x cos 2 x
d
tan x sec2 x
dx
Derivatives of the remaining trigonometric functions
can be determined the same way.
d d
sin x cos x cot x csc 2 x
dx dx
d d
cos x sin x sec x sec x tan x
dx dx
d d
tan x sec 2 x csc x csc x cot x
dx dx