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MECHANICS OF
MATERIALS
Individual Assignment : 10 %
Common Assignment :10%
Final Examination : (60 %)
TOTAL : 100 %
RECOMMENDED TEXTBOOK
REFERENCES
2. Body Forces
- other body exerts a force
without contact
External Loads Small contact area; treat
as a point
V
PROCEDURE FOR ANALYSIS
(FBD)
Example: Find the vertical reactions at A
and B for the shaft shown.
FBD
(800 N/m)(0.150 m) = 120 N
225 N
A B
Ay By
Equilibrium
Equations
Q1.1
*1–16. A 700-N bucket is suspended from a cable on the
wooden frame. Determine the resultant internal loadings
acting on the cross section at E
Stress
Distribution of internal loading is important in
mechanics of materials.
We will consider the material to be continuous.
This intensity of internal force at a point is called stress.
Stress
Normal Stress σ
Force per unit area acting normal to ΔA
Fz
z lim
A0 A
Shear Stress τ
Force per unit area acting tangent to ΔA
Fx
zx lim
A0 A
Fy
zy lim
A0 A
Average Normal Stress in an Axially Loaded Bar
When a cross-sectional area bar is subjected
to axial force through the centroid, it is only
subjected to normal stress.
Stress is assumed to be averaged over the area.
Average Normal Stress in an Axially Loaded Bar
Average Normal Stress Distribution
When a bar is subjected to a
constant deformation,
dF dA
A
σ = average normal stress
P A P = resultant normal force
P A = cross sectional area of
bar
A
Equilibrium
2 normal stress components
that are equal in magnitude
but opposite in direction.
1.4 Axial loads are applied to the compound rod that is composed of an
aluminum segment rigidly connected between steel and bronze segments.
What is the stress in each material given that P = 10 kN?
Q1.2
1.Draw fbd
2.Determine axial forces
3.apply equation of force
equilibrium equilibrium
NORMAL STRAIN
Normal Strain
The elongation / contraction of a line
segment per unit of length is referred to
as normal strain
Average normal strain is defined
as:
s 's
avg
s
+ε line
elongate
-ε line s's
contracts lim
B A along n s
If normal strain is known, then the
approximate final length is:
s' 1 s
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
Example 1.7
*2–8. Part of a control linkage for an airplane consists of a
rigid member CBD and a flexible cable AB. If a force is
applied to the end D of the member and causes it to rotate
By 0.3º , determine the normal strain in the cable.
Originally the cable is unstretched.
solution
1.FBD:
B
B’
A C
Q1.3
2–7. The pin-connected rigid rods AB and BC are inclined
at when they are unloaded. When the force P is
applied becomes 30.2°. Determine the average normal
strain developed in wire AC.
Shear stress
Thestress induced in the body , when
subjected to two equal and opposite
forces which are acting tangentially
across the resisting section
Average Shear Stress
The average shear stress distributed over each
sectioned area that develops a shear force.
V
avg
A
τ = average shear stress
v = internal resultant shear
force
A = area at that section
2 different types of shear:
a) Single Shear b) Double Shear
Single shear and double shear
EXAMPLE 1.9
The inclined member is subjected to a compressive force of 3000 N.
Determine the average compressive stress along the smooth areas of
contact defined by AB and BC, and the average shear stress along the
horizontal plane defined by EDB.
SHEAR STRAIN
Shear Strain
Change in angle between 2 line
segments that were perpendicular to
one another refers to shear strain.
Thus,
3
xy tan 1 0.0121 rad (Ans) 0.6931 degree
250 2
L0
1. Elastic Behaviour 3. After yielding a further load will
Stress is proportional to the strain. reaches a ultimate stress
Material is said to be linearly elastic
3.Necking
2. Yielding At ultimate stress, cross-sectional area begins
Increase in stress above elastic to decrease in a localized region of the specimen.
limit will cause material to deform
permanently
4.fracture Specimen breaks at the fracture stress
Ductile Materials
Material that can subjected to large strains before it ruptures is called a
ductile material.
APPLICATIONS (cont)
σ = stress
E = modulus of elasticity or Young’s modulus
E ε = strain
Modulus of Resilience
When stress reaches the proportional limit, the
strain-energy density is the modulus of resilience, ur.
1 pl
2
1
ur pl pl
2 2 E
Strain Energy
Modulus of Toughness
Modulus of toughness, ut, represents the entire area
under the stress–strain diagram.
It indicates the strain-energy density of the material
just before it fractures.
Poisson’s Ratio
Poisson’sratio, v (nu), states that in the elastic range,
the ratio of these strains is a constant since the
deformations are proportional.
lat
v Poisson’s ratio is dimensionless.
long Typical values are 1/3 or 1/4.
Negative sign since longitudinal elongation (positive
strain) causes lateral contraction (negative strain),
and vice versa.
POISSON’s RATIO
lat
v
long
Lateral strain:
The strain at right angles to the direction of applied load is known as lateral
strain. (d/d)
lat
v
long
SHEAR STRESS-STRAIN DIAGRAM
Strength parameter G – Shear modulus of elasticity or
the modules of rigidity
G is related to the modulus of elasticity E and Poisson’s
ratio v.
G
E
G
21 v
8 kN/m
A
35o
C D E
B
20 kN