Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
13
Infectious and
Noninfectious
Conditions:
Risks and
Responsibilities
Transmission
• Direct contact
• Indirect contact
• Autoinoculate yourself
• Transmit from one part of body to another
• Animal-borne pathogens
• Interspecies transmission
Autoimmune diseases
• Immune deficiency syndrome
• Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)
Fever
• Rises in temperature can be harmful if extreme
• High temperatures can destroy some disease causing
organisms
• Stimulates more white blood cell production
Pain
• Response to either direct or referred pain
• Most often accompanied by inflammation
Vaccines
• Vaccination and T- and B-cell memory
• Acquired immunity
• Natural immunity
Bacteria
• Single-celled organisms
• Staphylococcal infections
• Toxic shock syndrome (TSS)
• Streptococcal infections
• Meningitis
• Pneumonia
• Tuberculosis (TB)
Viruses
• Smallest pathogens
• Protein structures
• Incubation periods
The common cold
Influenza
Infectious mononucleosis
Hepatitis: 3 types (HAV, HBV, HCV)
Measles
Other pathogens
• Fungi
• Protozoa
• Parasitic worms
• Prions
Tiny microbes
• Mad Cow Disease (Bovine Spongiform Encephalitis-
BSE)
• West Nile Virus
• Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)
• Avian Bird Flu (H5N1)
• Escherichia coli 0157:H7
• Bioterrorism
Discussion Questions
• What is the difference between an epidemic and
pandemic?
• What animals, other than birds, have been identified as
having the “Bird flu?”
• What strategies have the Thailand Ministry of Public
Health and the Centers for Disease Control designed to
monitor the spread of the Bird Flu in Thailand?
History
• Also called STDs, once called venereal diseases (VD)
• 20 known types of STIs
• In the U.S, 19 million new cases reported every year
Possible causes
• Moral and social stigma
• Casual attitude toward sex
• Ignorance about infections/symptoms
Chlamydia
• 2.8 million infected annually in the U.S.
• Over 10 % college students
• Many display no symptoms
• Secondary damage can lead to sterility
• Conjunctivitis
Gonorrhea
• One of the most common STIs in the U.S.
• CDC estimates over 700,000 cases per year
• Caused by bacterial pathogen Neisseria gonorrhoeae
• Early treatment: antibiotics
• Complications with non-treatment
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)
• Describes a number of infections of the uterus/fallopian
tubes/ovaries
• Can result from untreated infections
Syphilis
• Caused by a bacterial organism
• Spirochete known as Treponema pallidum
• Stages: primary, secondary, latent, late
• Treatment: antibiotics
Herpes
• Herpes simplex type 1
• Herpes simplex type 2
• Especially serious in pregnant women – possible to
transfer infection to baby during birth
• In women with herpes, greater risk for cervical cancer
Preventing herpes
• Awareness
• Extreme caution in casual sexual affairs
• Seek medical help
Candidiasis (moniliasis)
• Yeast-like fungus caused by Candida albicans
• Symptoms: severe itching, burning, swelling
• Vaginitis
Trichomoniasis
• Caused by a protozoan
• Half of American men and women carry this organism
• Many remain symptom-free
Pubic lice
• “Crabs”
• Eggs nest in clothing, furniture and linens
General urinary tract infections (UTIs)
• Sexual transmission
• Can also be caused by invading organisms in the genital
area
Facts
• Global health problem
• Since 1981, over 65 million people in the world have
become infected with HIV
• 39.5 million living with HIV
A shifting epidemic
• Newly found indicator of virus: drop in CD4s, the
master immune cell
• Improved reporting/accuracy
Symptoms of HIV/AIDS
• Incubation time varies greatly
• For HIV positive adults with no medical treatment,
AIDS will develop in 8-10 years
• Opportunistic infections
Bronchitis
• Inflammation of lining of bronchial tubes
• Reduced air flow from the lungs/heavy mucous
• Acute bronchitis: symptoms improve in a few weeks
• Chronic bronchitis: last for at leas 3 months, serious
form
Emphysema
• Gradual destruction of alveoli
• More and more difficult to exhale
• Victim struggles to take in air
• Chest cavity expands over time (barrel-chest)
Asthma
• Long-term chronic inflammatory disorder that blocks
airflow to the lungs
• Air pollutants, particulates, smoke, allergens and stress
can trigger an asthma attack
• Extrinsic (allergic asthma) or intrinsic (nonallergic)
• Exercise-induced asthma (EIA)
• Relief: relaxation techniques, medications
Sleep apnea
• Affects more than 18 million Americans
• Periodic episodes of breathing cessation for 10 seconds
or longer
• Causes restless sleep, high blood pressure, irregular
heart beats, heart attack, stroke
• Common treatments: reduce alcohol use, losing weight,
change sleeping position, medicinal interventions
Headaches
• Tension headaches: muscular contraction headaches
• Treatments: relaxation, hot water, massage, pain
medication
• Migraine headaches: severe debilitating symptoms
• Treatments: ergot drugs, other medications
• Cluster headaches: more rare forms; “killer” or
“suicidal” pain
• Treatments: oxygen therapy, drugs, surgery
Seizure disorders
• Epilepsy
• 2 million people in the U.S. suffer some form of seizure-
related disorder
• Two categories
• Partial
• Generalized
• About half are of unknown origin
• Promising treatments today
Parkinson’s Disease
• Chronic, slow neurological condition
• Over 1.5 million Americans suffer from it
• “Shaking palsy”, rigid or stiff muscles, poor balance,
slurred speech
• Progressive and incurable
• New drug therapies to control symptoms / new surgical
procedures show promise
Lactose intolerance
• No ability to produce digestive enzyme lactase
• Dietary treatment
Colitis and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)
• Ulcerative colitis
• Severe stomach cramps, weight loss, nausea, sweating,
fever
• Treatment: Increase fiber intake, anti-inflammatory
drugs, other medications
Arthritis
• Strikes 1 in 5 Americans/ over 46 million
• Osteoarthritis (OA)
• Rheumatoid arthritis
Fibromyalgia
• Chronic joint pain, headaches, dizziness, numbness, etc.
• Array of symptoms
• Difficult to diagnose