DEWAN AL-BUKHARI, IPG KAMPUS SULTAN ABDUL HALIM

4 APRIL 2011
WHAT IS APA?
► APA = American Psychological Association
► Writing style used in all journals published by
APA
► The APA style was developed by behavioural and
social scientists to standardize scientific writing
► Details are documented in the APA Publication
Manual (6th Edition, 2009)
 THE PUBLICATION MANUAL

 In addition to providing clear guidance on

grammar, the mechanics of writing, and APA
style, the Publication Manual offers an
authoritative and easy-to-use reference and
citation system and comprehensive
coverage of the treatment of numbers,
metrication, statistical and mathematical
data, tables, and figures for use in writing,
reports, or presentations.
THE PUBLICATION MANUAL

► Guidance on all
aspects of the writing
process, from the
ethics of authorship to
choice of words
► Strong, simple, and
elegant scientific
communication.
► An easy-to-use
reference and citation JULY 2009
system
 PLAGIARISM
► Using someone’s ► Accidental
else ideas, quotes, plagiarism
phrases, or work ► forgetting to cite
that are not your ideas or words that
are not your own by
own and failing to being careless.
give credit to the
person.
► CARELESSNESS IS
NOT AN EXCUSE!
► Whether deliberate
or accidental,
plagiarism is a
serious and often
punishable offense!
DIRECT QUOTATION
► Quotations of less than 40 words should
be incorporated in the text and enclosed
with double quotation marks.
► Provide the author, publication year and a
page number.
DIRECT QUOTATION
Example 1: Quotation less than 40
words

He argued that the landscape of

professional practice had two terrains,
and that “on the high hard ground,
manageable problems lend themselves
to solution through the application of
research-based theory and technique”
(Schon, 1987, p.3)
DIRECT QUOTATION
Example 2: Quotation less than 40
words

In particular, Barnes (1991) cautioned

that “the dilemma created by the pursuit
of a scientific knowledge base to
enhance teacher professionalism is that
it sometimes denies the contribution
that teacher wisdom can make to the
definition of that knowledge base” (p. 5).
DIRECT QUOTATION

► For quotations of more than 40

words,
► use a free-standing "block
quotation" on a new line, indented
five spaces and omit quotation
marks.
 DIRECT QUOTATION
On the other hand, Dewey (1933) noted that
reflection
emancipates us from merely impulsive and
routine activity…. enables us to direct our
activities with foresight and to plan
according to ends-in-view, or purposes of
which we are aware. It enables us to act in
deliberate and intentional fashion …. to know
what we are about when we act …. (p. 17)
IN-TEXT CITATIONS
Shulman (1986) attributed Within a
this development to the way
the process-product research paragraph, you
paradigm focused on teaching need not include
effectiveness and teacher
behaviours, which led to the
the year in
neglect of subject matter. subsequent
Calling it the missing references.
paradigm, Shulman argued
that this neglect of content
knowledge in the teacher
education curriculum was a
grave mistake.
2 AUTHORS
For example, Borko Reflective inquiry
and Putnam (1996) programs frequently
have identified three applied a positivistic
domains of knowledge approach, trying to
regarded as important critically examine
in learning to teach problems of practice
and refer to these using a technical
as …. problem-solving
model (Ross &
Hannay, 1986).
3-5 AUTHORS

► If there are three to five authors, cite

all authors the first time
► In subsequent citations, include only
the last name of the first author
followed by "et al." and the year
 3-5 AUTHORS
 Grimmett, Erickson,  Grimmett et al. (1990)
MacKinnon, and referred to this as the
Riecken (1990) used reconstruction of
knowledge utilisation action situations.
as the organising
concept to identify
three perspectives to
reflection.
6 OR MORE AUTHORS

► If there are 6 or more authors, use

lead author plus et al. in all text
citations.
► List up to 6 authors in all references;
if more than 6, list the first six plus et
al.
 FIRST CITATION: 6 OR MORE
AUTHORS
 In exploring lecturers’  In exploring lecturers’
understanding of
reflection, Salhah et al.
(1997) found that
most respondents
admitted that they
were uncertain about
the concept.
understanding of
reflection, most
respondents admitted
that they were
uncertain about the
concept (Salhah et al.,
1997).
BASIC CITATION STYLES
ANONYMOUS AUTHORS

► For anonymous or unknown author, like

from a newspaper article, use short version
of title with Title Caps, quotation marks.
► If author of newspaper article is known, cite
the author and year.
NEWSPAPER REPORTS
 Sebagai contoh, baru-  It has been reported
baru ini, kita telah that a meltdown will
membaca berita culik raise the risk of
dan rogol di sebuah damage to the reactor
kompleks beli-belah di vessel and a possible
Petaling Jaya (Charles radioactive leak
Ramendra, 2006) (“RM517b Nightmare”,
2011, p. 1)
THE REFERENCE LIST

► Whenever you refer to another author's

work, you must identify the original source
clearly.
► A complete reference must appear in the
Reference List at the end of your paper.
REFERENCE: BOOK

Kohut, H. (1971). The analysis of the self: A

systematic approach to the psychoanalytic
treatment of narcissistic personality
disorders. New York: International
Universities Press.
REFERENCE: BOOK

Strunk, W., & White, E. B. (1979). The

elements of style (3rd ed.). New York:
Macmillan.
REFERENCE: Editor as author

Friedman, H. S. (Ed.). (1990).

Personality and disease. New York:
Wiley.
REFERENCE: Group author

American Psychiatric Association.

(1990). Diagnostic and statistical
manual of mental disorders(3rd ed.).
Washington, DC: Author.
REFERENCE: Multiple authors

Booth, W. C., Colomb, G. G., & Williams,

J. M. (1995). The craft of research.
Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Chapter in an Edited Book

Stephan, W. G. (1985). Intergroup

relations. In G. Lindzey & E. Aronson
(Eds.), The handbook of social
psychology (3rd ed., Vol. 2, pp. 599–
658). New York: Random House.
JOURNAL ARTICLE

Berry, D. S., & Pennebaker, J. W. (1993).

Nonverbal and verbal emotional
expression and health. Psychotherapy
and Psychosomatics, 59(3), 11–19.
Journal article, retrieved from a database

Hypericum Depression Trial Study group.

(2002). Effect of Hypericum
perforatum (St John's Wort) in major
depressive disorder: A randomized
controlled trial. JAMA, 287, 1807–
1814. Retrieved July 7, 2002, from
MEDSYS database.
Online Journal article

Kwo, O. W. Y. (1999). Enhancing reflective

teaching: Teacher education innovation in
Hong Kong. Teaching Education [Online],
9(2). Retrieved August 5, 1999 from
http://www.teachingeducation.com/vol9-
2/kwo.htm
Newspaper article online

Bradsher, K. (2005, November 3). Poverty and

superstition hinder drive to block bird flu at source.
New York Times. Retrieved November 3, 2005, from
http://www.nytimes.com/2005/11/03/international/
asia/03bird.html?th&emc=th
Conference paper (Unpublished)

Toh, W.S. (2001). Measuring practicum student

teachers’ reflectivity: The Reflective
Pedagogical Thinking Scale. Paper
presented at the National Educational
Research Seminar, Maktab Perguruan Ipoh,
Perak.
Dissertation / Thesis (Unpublished)

Cheah, U. H. (2002). The construction of

mathematical beliefs by trainee teachers: A
multiple case study. Unpublished Doctoral
Dissertation, Universiti Sains Malaysia,
Penang, Malaysia.
Web article (Internet source only)

Siiner, M., & Jesper, H. (2002). An unraveling of

principles we all have to use. Psycoloquy,
13. Retrieved July 18, 2005, from
http://psycprints.ecs.soton.ac.uk/archive/0
0000211
Web article based on a print source

McGinn, D. (2005, June 27). Rewinding a video

giant [Electronic version]. Newsweek,
145(26). Retrieved July 12, 2005, from
http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/8259044/si
te/newsweek
Web pages

Department of Health and Human Services, Center for

Complementary and Alternative Medicine. (n.d.). St.
John's Wort and the treatment of depression.
Retrieved January 19, 2003, from National Institutes
of Health Web site:
http://nccam.nih.gov/health/stjohnswort/
Web pages

Dr. Abel Scribe PhD. (2006, October). Dr. Abel

Scribe's guides to research writing and
style. Retrieved October 31, 2006, from
http://www.docstyles.com/index.htm
MALAY NAMES

Cite Asmah binti Omar as

Asmah Omar. (1991). Kemahiran berbahasa.

Kuala Lumpur: Penerbitan Pustaka
Antara.
CHINESE NAMES

Cite Lee Wai Heng as

Lee, W. H. (2004). Reflective practice in

Malaysian teacher education: Assumptions,
challenges and practices. Unpublished Doctoral
Dissertation, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang,
Malaysia.
CHINESE NAMES

Cite Shirley Goh Seok Ai as

Goh, S. S. A. (2006). Language

development in rural Sarawak. Petaling
Jaya: Fajar Bakti.
INDIAN NAMES

Nadaraja Kannan. (2006). The economic depression of

the 1930s : Its impact on race relations in the Federated
Malay State. Paper presented at the International
Association of Historians of Asia Conference, 3-5 Nov
2006, Manila, Philippines.