POPULATION, SAMPLE,

DATA &VARIABLE

dr. Ayu Swandewi A, MPH

Dept. Biostatistics, Demography and Reproductive Health
School of Public Health, Fac. Medicine, Udayana University
Learning Objectives :
• To describe definition of population and sample
• To describe requirement for representative sample
• To select proper sampling technique
• To describe sampling criteria
• To determine type of data and variable
POPULATION

GROUP OF OBJECTS

Human, Animal, Program, Hospital etc.

Target Population

To Whom the result

will be generalized

Target population usually similar

to research population
Sampled Population
Target Population

Sampled Population

Sampled Population: Part of target population, that is

accessible
Sampel

TARGET POPULATION

SAMPLED
POPULATION

SAMPLE

Sample is part of sampled population that the research

take place
Generalisability

POPULATION

SAMPLE
Example
Researcher wish to observe the level of awareness around
exclusive breast feeding among pregnant women in City X
Example
A researcher wish to evaluate the effect of New Medicine X
toward Blood Sugar level among Diabetic Patients
Case 1
A clinician wish to study the effectiveness of Antibiotic X to
prevent post bone fracture surgery;
Please determine:
• Target population
• Sampled Population
• Sample
Sample Representativeness
Representativeness
Representativeness

Sample Size Sampling Technique

The bigger, the more Random method provide better

representatives representativeness
Sample Size

1. Variability ()

2. Reliability /2 /2

() dan ()

POPULATION


3. Precision () SAMPLE
Sampling Technique
• Method for selecting sample from the population
Selecting sampling technique
Teknik Indikasi
Simple Random Probability of the event
in the population is
homogenous
Systematic Probability of the event
Random in the population is
homogenous; we wish the
sample to be distributed
systematically
Stratified Probability of the event
Random in the popolution is
heterogeneous.
SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLING

Random
Random Number
Number Table
Table
ç Digit:  1 digit: 1 digit population
 2 digit: 2 digit population
 3 digit: 3 digit population
 4 digit: 4 digit population
If we wish to
select13 sample
out of 125
population
* Take random(digit) tabel
* Select Page
* Select first sample
* Select next samples horizontally or
diagonally
3958 0714 6102 5938 3298 4027
0591 8271 4058 3906 3014 1836
1682 0395 6241 9073 9125 7061
9014 2518 0395 4035 1056 3482
6015 1029 9021 4837 5638 0371
7298 5936 1253 0148 0391 6841
4619 2743 3012 9015 8514 6503
9013 9518 1538 4027 7425 9138
5137 4012 9506 6148 2957 2485
2501 7139 4920 1350 6294 1570
8320 3450 2864 7291 5827 8052
9361 3062 5893 2057 1064 3859
0572 9471 0572 9031 0475 8037
6851 8503 8501 0631 4792 5038
Sampling Technique
  Liniar
Systematic
Systematic Random
Random ç Tipe:
 Circular

* Select 13 samples from125

population
1. Construct the sampling
frame
2. Calculate theINTERVAL (k):
N/n
3. Choose the 1st Sample (RS):
* Liniar: select from pop. no 1 to no 
* interval
Circular: select from pop. no.1 up to the
last no
4. Choose the next samples by
following certain rule
1. Construct the sampling
frame
2. Calculate INTERVAL (k):  125 / 13 =
1
9,615…...
2 N/n
3. Choose the 1st Sample:
3 (Random Start)
4
5 * Liniar: select no. of the
6 populaton from 1 to 
7 interval
8 4. Select the next samples by
9 following
10 R(i) = RS + (i-1)(I)
11 16
2 = 6 + (1) x 9,615 = 15,615 ----->
.
. 3 = 6 + (2) x 9,615 = 25,230 -----> 25
.
. 4 = 6 + (3) x 9,615 = 34,845 -----> 35
. And so on . . . . . . . . . .
.

125
1. Construct the sampling
frame
2. Calculate INTERVAL (k):  125 / 13 =
1
N/n 9,615…...
2 3. Select the 1st sample (Random Start :)
3
* Circular: choose the pop
4
5 no. from 1 to the last
6
7
4. Choose the next samples as
8 following
R (i) = RS + (i-1)(I)
9
10 2 = 92 + 1 x 9,615 = 101,615 -----> 102
11 111
3 = 92 + 2 x 9,615 = 111,230 ----->
.
. 4 = 92 + 3 x 9,615 = 120,845 -----> 12
. 1
92 Up to No. 125 . . . . We’ve not got 3 samples
.
----> Return to NO. 1
.
…… Equation
125
R (i) = RS + (i-1)(I) - N

5 = 92 + (5-1)(9,615) - 125 = 5,460 -----------> 5

6 = 92 + (6-1)(9,615) - 125 = 15,075 ----------> 15

7 = 92 + (7-1)(9,615) - 125 = 24,690 ----------> 25

And so on . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Note:
- RS = First Sample/random start
- i = Interval
- N = Total no of population
Sampling Criteria
• Inclusion criteria
Purpose: To ensure the subject is part of the target population

• Exclusion Criteria
Purpose:
- To avoid contraindication
- To control for major confounding variable
- To assure data quality
Case 2
A clinical trial is conducted to study the effect of Medicine X
toward length of stay among babies who hospitalized in
Sanglah Hospital in 2013 with acute diarrhea with moderate
dehydration

Please determine sampling criteria!

Sampling Criteria (case 2)
VARIABLE AND DATA
Classification of Variable
Dependent Indeterminate Dependent

Nutritional
Confounding Season
Status
Control Random

Relation Between Variable

Derived Variables
• Variables that derived from other variables
• Methods
• Calculated or categorized from other variables
• Education level (6 level)  2 level
• Weight and Height  BMI
• Based on thresholds
• Hb anemia and normal
• Birth weight  Low birth wieght and normal
• Based on standard population
• Standard growth curve  WHO NCHS, CDC for nutritional status
• Transformation
• Logarithmic, quadratic etc
TYPES of DATA
 k you
T h an