EEE 264-7:

Short Range Wireless

Networks
IEEE802.15 AND RELATED ORGANIZATIONS
 What is Wi-Fi
 Wi-Fi or Wireless Fidelity is a trademark of the
Wi-Fi Alliance for certified products

 Based on the IEEE 802.11 standards

 The term Wi-Fi is often used by the public as a

synonym for wireless LAN (WLAN)

 Wi-Fi is supported by personal computer

operating systems, game consoles, laptops,
smartphones, printers, and other peripherals
 What is Wimax
 WiMAX, Worldwide Interoperability for
Microwave Access

 Also called Broadband Wireless Access

 Uses a variety of transmission modes, from

point-to-multipoint links to fully mobile
internet access

 Provides 3 Mbit/s wireless broadband speed

 Technology based on the IEEE 802.16 standard

 Wi-Fi system details
 Wi-Fi uses both single carrier direct-sequence
spread spectrum radio technology and multi-
carrier OFDM radio technology

 Regulations for unlicensed spread spectrum

enabled the development of Wi-Fi

 Unlicensed spread spectrum was first made

available in the US by the Federal
Communications Commission (FCC) in 1985
 Wi-Fi system advantages
 Wi-Fi allows low-cost wireless local area
networks (LANs) to be deployed client devices

 The price of chipsets for Wi-Fi continues to

drop

 Unlike mobile telephones, any standard Wi-Fi

device will work anywhere in the world

 Wi-Fi is widely available in more than 50

million public hotspots in homes, corporate and
university campuses worldwide
 Wi-Fi system challenges
 Spectrum assignments and operational
limitations are not consistent worldwide

 Wi-Fi networks have limited range. A typical

Wi-Fi home router using 802.11b or 802.11g
has a range of 32 m (120 ft) indoors and 95 m
(300 ft) outdoors

 High power consumption of Wi-Fi makes lower

battery life mobile devices.
 Wi-Fi system devices
 Wireless access point (WAP) connects a group
of wireless devices to an adjacent wired LAN

 Wireless adapters allow devices to connect to a

wireless network, such as PCI, miniPCI, USB,
ExpressCard, PC card

 A wireless router allows wired and wireless

Ethernet LAN devices to connect s cable
modem or DSL modem

 Wireless network bridges connect a wired

network to a wireless network such as between
two separate homes.
OSBRiDGE 3GN - 802.11n Access Point
and UMTS/GSM Gateway
USB wireless adapter
Embedded serial-to-Wi-Fi
module
 City Wide Wi-Fi
 Many cities around the world announced plans
for a city wide Wi-Fi network

 Most of these projects were either canceled or

placed on indefinite hold.

 A few were successful, for example in 2005,

Sunnyvale, California became the first city in
the United States to offer city wide free Wi-Fi
 Wi-Fi Alliance
 The Wi-Fi Alliance is a consortium of separate
and independent companies

 The Alliance aims to improving the

interoperability of wireless local area network
products based on the IEEE 802.11 standards

 The Alliance have a set of common

interoperable products based on the family of
IEEE 802.11 standards

 The Wi-Fi Alliance certifies products via a set of

defined test-procedures
 WiMAX Applications
 Connecting Wi-Fi hotspots to the Internet

 Providing a wireless alternative to cable and

DSL for broadband access

 Providing data and telecommunications

services

 Providing a source of Internet connectivity as

part of a business continuity plan

 Providing portable connectivity

 WiMAX Physical layer
 The original WiMAX is based in the 10 to 66
GHz range

 802.16a, updated in 2004 to 802.16-2004,

added specifications for the 2 to 11 GHz range

 802.16-2004 was updated by 802.16e-2005 in

2005

 More advanced versions, including 802.16e,

also bring Multiple Antenna Support through
MIMO (Multiple input-Multiple output)
WiMAX MIMO board
 WiMAX Silicon design
 A critical requirement for the success of a new
technology is the availability of low-cost
chipsets and silicon implementations

 Intel Corporation is a leader in promoting

WiMAX, and has developed its own chipset

 Texas Instruments, DesignArt (now owned by

Qualcomm), and picoChip are focused on
WiMAX chip sets for base stations

 Kaben Wireless Silicon is a provider of RF

front-end for WiMAX applications.
WiMAX Compared with Wi-Fi
 WiMAX uses 802.16 standards provide different
types of access, from portable (similar to a
cordless phone) to fixed (an alternative to
wired access, where the end user's wireless
termination point is fixed in location.)

 Wi-Fi uses unlicensed spectrum to provide

access to a network

 WiMAX and Wi-Fi have quite different Quality

of Service (QoS) mechanisms.
ULTRA WIDEBAND (UWB)
 Wireless system with bandwidth more than 20%
of carrier frequency or more than 0.5 GHz
(defined by FCC)

 Evolved from Radar concept

 Very short duration pulses, typically less than 1

nsec
 UWB PROPERTIES
 Ultra wide Bandwidth
fH  fL fH  fL
BW F  2 
fH  fL fC
 High spatial capacity: bits/sec/m2
802.11b Bluetooth 802.11a UWB
range (m) 100 10 50 10
BW (MHz) 80 200 7500
data rate (Mbps) 11 1 54 110
spatial cap (b/s/m2) 1,000 30,000 83,000 2,000,000
 Capacity (or maximum data rate): C, bps

C = B log2 (1+ SNR)

B = Channel bandwidth, Hz
SNR = Signal to Noise radio
UWB BASIC CHARACTERISTICS
 Relatively simple in transceiver
architecture
o Transmitter: pulse generator + antenna
o Receiver: antenna + LNA + matched filter or
correlator + detector
o Avoids components like power amp, transmit
filter, VCO, mixer, PLL, ref oscillator
 Low cost and power consumption
o Simple hardware entails low cost and low
power consumption
PROS AND CONS OF UWB OVER
NARROWBAND
 Low cost, low  Regulatory lack of
power standards
 Performance and
 Potential for high implementation
capacity  Synchronization
 Low noise power and susceptibility to
spectral density interference
 Good propagation  Short range (a few
quantities meters to a few
o Multipath resistant, km)
o High penetration  Amount of digital
computation
CHALLENGES IN TECHNICAL
AREAS
 Susceptible to being unintentionally jammed by
traditional narrowband transmitter
 Filter matching accuracy
 Extreme antenna bandwidth requirements
 Accurate timing synchronization for a correlated-
based receiver due to short pulse durations
 Amount of energy in the multipath components
caused by reflections in the channel: Rake
receiver is a candidate
 Noise from on-board microcontroller
UWB APPLICATIONS
 Home
o Entertainment
o Proximity detectors
o Tracking
 Industrial
 Automotive- Vehicular radar
 Military
 Law enforcement/rescue
 FCC FREQUENCY BAND
 Feb. 2002-Assigned frequency band
of 3.1 -10.6 GHz :7.5 GHz bandwidth

 To be deployed on an unlicensed
basis following rules for emissions of
intentional radiators- 802.15.3a

 With frequency mask which constrains

the transmit power
FCC MASK
-40

-45
0.56 mw
dBm/MHz

-50

-55
0.008 mw 0.07 mw
-60
0.0018 mw
-65

-70

-75

-80
0 5000 10000 15000 20000
0.000019 mw
MHz
UWB RELATED INDUSTRIES
 XtremeSpectrum  Perimeter players
 Time Domain o Sony
 General Atomics
o Fujitsu
 AetherWire & Location
 Multispectral Solutions o Philips
(MSSI) o Mitsubishi
 Pulse-Link o Broadcom
 Appairent Technologies
o Sharps
 Pulsicom
 Staccato communications o Samsung

 Intel o Panasonic
 TI
 Motorola
RELATED ORGANIZATIONS
 UWB Working Group
 NTIA
o published a report analyzing the impact of
UWB emissions on GPS and suggested an
additional 20-35 dB attenuation beyond the
power limits described in the FCC Part 15.209.
 Department of Commerce
 Department of Defense
 FCC
 NIST
OPTIMAL BASEBAND WAVEFORMS
 Gaussian impulse

 Monocycle

 Polycycle

 Doublet
ONE EXAMPLE -GAUSSIAN PULSE
Gaussian Pulses
1
Gaussian
Monocycle
0.5 Doublet
Amplitude

-0.5

-1
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Time(ns)

Gaussian Pulse Spectrums

0
Gaussian
-10 Monocycle
Doublet
-20
Power(dB)

-30

-40

-50

-60
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Frequency(GHz)
ANOTHER EXAMPLE -
DOUBLET
1 -40
0.8 -45

Magnitude (dBm)
0.6
-50
0.4
0.2 -55

0 -60
-0.2 -65
-0.4
-70
-0.6
-0.8 -75

-1 -80
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Time (psec) Frequency (GHz)
MODULATION SCHEMES
 Pulse position modulation (PPM) (or
Time-modulated)
 Pulse amplitude modulation (PAM)
 On-off keying (OOK)
 Biphase (or BPSK or antipodal)
 M-ary
 Spectral Keying (SK)
DETECTION
 Template
 Zero crossing detection
 Correlator using coded sequences: cross-
correlation peak calculated
o Maximal sequence codes
o Complementary codes
 Time-integrating correlator
 Time-domain filtering (matched filtering)
 Selective Rake receiver
UWB ANTENNA CONSIDERATIONS
 Parameters
 Broadband: Low Q: low selectivity
 Antenna matching: impedance
 Gain
 Polarization
 Antenna efficiency = Pradiated / Papplied
 Directivity
 Small size
 VSWR
 Differentiation effect
 Antenna can no longer be optimized at the carrier frequency (no carrier
in UWB)
 Frequency-independent antenna is needed
 Requirements of UWB antenna
 Two dimensional
 Omni-directional field pattern
 Small size
 Low cost
TPYES OF ANTENNAS
 Bow-tie
 Relatively high input impedance
 Requires a matching balun to make it usable with 50 ohm system
 Tapered slot
 Two dimensional microstrip
 Resister loaded dipole
 Low gain and low efficiency
 Diamond dipole: developed by Time Domain Corp.
 Emits a waveform similar to a Gaussian third derivative
 75 % efficiency with about 3:1 VSWR
 Discone
 High performance
 3-D structure: difficult to manufacture
 Bicone
 High performance
 3-D structure: difficult to manufacture
 Log-periodic
 Spiral
 Transverse electromagnetic (TEM) horn
 Most commonly used for UWB radars
 Relatively high gain
 Wideband
 Unidirectional radiation
 Little distortion
ANTENNA, ONE EXAMPLE
 One example
 Time Domain Corp. BroadSpec 102
• Planar antenna
• Smaller than a standard business card
• Well matched from 1.7-4.5 GHz with max
return loss -15 dB and VSWR below 1.5:1
• Dipole like pattern with gain 0-3 dBi
• Impedance 50+j0 ohm
• Efficiency above 90 %
TRANSMITTER STRUCTURE
 Antenna
 Pulse generator
 Clock generator
 Control
 Power control
 Modulator: switch
RECEIVER STRUCTURE
 Efficient receiver processing
 Coherent signal processing
 Matched filtering
 Use matched filter with processing gain to
improve SNR
 Analog impulse radio MA receiver
(AIRMA)
 Digital impulse radio MA receiver (DIRMA)
RECEIVER STRUCTURE
 Low noise amp
 Variable gain amp
 Sample/hold
 A/D converter
 Sampling clock generator
 Pulse generator
 Template generator
FUTURE RESEARCH ISSUES
 UWB imaging algorithm
 Handling on-chip interference
 Computationally efficient ranging
algorithms
 Interference excision over ultra wide
bandwidths
 UWB node teaming for long-distance
transmission
 Efficient pulse shape design
ZIGBEE –MAIN FEATURES
 Low rate wireless personal area networks (LR-WPAN)
o in residential and industrial environments
o Connectivity among inexpensive fixed, portable, moving devices
 Other home networking attempts: wired and wireless
o HomePNA
o Homeplug Powerline Alliance
o CEA R-7
o HomeRF
o Echonet
 Wireless for home networking: reduction in installation cost
o Internet connectivity
o Multi-PC connectivity
o Audio/video networking
o Home automation
o Energy conservation
o Security
 Relaxed throughput requirements for home automation, security, and gaming
o Eliminate complexity of heavy protocol stacks
o Needs power consumption
o Eliminate to utilize too many computational resources
ZIGBEE – TECHNICAL
SPECIFICATIONS
Property Range
Raw data rate 868 MHz: 20 Kbps 915 MHz: 40 Kbps 2.4 GHz: 250 KHz

range 10-30 m
latency 15 ms for PC peripherals; 100 ms for home automation
applications

Channels 868 MHz: 1 channel 915 MHz: 10 channels 2.4 GHz: 16

channels

Frequency band Two PHY’s: 868MHz/915MHz and 2.4GHz

addressing Short 8-bit or 64-bit IEEE

Channel access CSMA-CA and slotted CSMA-CA

temperature Industrial temperature range -40 to +85 C

ZIGBEE -APPLICATIONS
 Industrial control and monitoring
 Public safety
• Sensing and location determination at disaster sites
 Automotive sensing
• Tire pressure monitoring
• Smart badges and tags
 Precision agriculture
• Sensing of soil moisture, pesticide, herbicide, and pH levels
 Home automation and networking
• PC peripherals: wireless mice, keyboards, joysticks, low-end PDA’s,
and games
• Consumer electronics; Radio, TV, VCR’s, CD’s, DVD’s, remote
controls
• Home automation: heating, ventilation, and air conditioning
(HVAC), security, lighting, and control of objects such as curtains,
windows, doors, and locks
• Health monitoring: sensors, monitors, and diagnostics
• Toys and games: PC-enhanced toys and interactive gaming
between individuals and groups
ZIGBEE NETWORK
TOPOLOGY
 Star network

PAN cordinator

User device

 Peer-to-peer network (mesh network)